pharmalatest2-21
HYPERCALCEMIA-ADDISON'S DISEASE
Prelude:-
Addison's Disease is a rare pathological condition that affects 1 in 100000 persons in the world. This disease affects almost all systems of the body's physiology, including minerals homeostasis.
Hypercalcemia is commonly associated with this disease due to adrenal cortex insufficiency and overactivity of the parathyroid hormone.
The etiology is unknown but it is believed that there is some abnormal elevation of the body's own defense mechanism which destroys the body's vital organs such as the adrenal cortex.
Because of the insufficient adrenal corticosteroids circulating in the blood there is an overstimulation of the anterior hypophysis to secret more and more Adreno Cortico Tropic Hormone (ACTH) to further complications.
Addison's disease is a fatal condition in which the body experiences insufficient adrenal activities. This is defined in short as an adrenal failure.
Adrenals are small in size and look like two small mushroom caps fitted above the heads of the two kidneys.
In this article we are not going to study adrenal glands but to have a prompt study about mineral metabolism including the calcium irregularities due to adrenal failure during Addison's disease.
Why only calcium?
because its irregular metabolism is more serious than other minerals metabolism even it may bring death within a year if it left unnoticed and untreated.
A lake of ADH (anti-Diuretic Hormone)secretion from the pituitary gland may raise sodium level by draining out empty water content in the urine.
In Addison's disease lake of aldosterone a mineralocorticoid may lead to severe potassium loss by distal tubule of the kidneys.
In Addison's disease the impaired adrenal glands do not sufficiently secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol and hydrocortisone.
Glucocorticoids are responsible for the correction of serum calcium levels by eliminating extra calcium in the urine.
This is performed by increasing the glomerular filtration of calcium and reducing its reabsorption by the kidneys.
In Addison's disease this process is impaired due to insufficient glucocorticoids and the result is hypercalcemia.
In Addison's disease there is a high calcium input into the extracellular fluids leads to many complications such as vascular and nephron calcification and cardiac problems.
Further high bone resorption pours more calcium into the blood and makes the condition from worse to worst.
The serum dihydroxy vitamin D3 content becomes low.
Parathyroid activity is impaired.
Even though calcium irregularities associated with Addison's disease is rare but if hyperparathyroidism or treated hypoparathyroidism is followed by Addison's disease then here is 99% possibility to get hypercalcemia
In this article we are not going to study adrenal glands but to have a prompt study about mineral metabolism including the calcium irregularities due to adrenal failure during Addison's disease.
Why only calcium?
because its irregular metabolism is more serious than other minerals metabolism even it may bring death within a year if it left unnoticed and untreated.
A lake of ADH (anti-Diuretic Hormone)secretion from the pituitary gland may raise sodium level by draining out empty water content in the urine.
In Addison's disease lake of aldosterone a mineralocorticoid may lead to severe potassium loss by distal tubule of the kidneys.
In Addison's disease the impaired adrenal glands do not sufficiently secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol and hydrocortisone.
Glucocorticoids are responsible for the correction of serum calcium levels by eliminating extra calcium in the urine.
This is performed by increasing the glomerular filtration of calcium and reducing its reabsorption by the kidneys.
In Addison's disease this process is impaired due to insufficient glucocorticoids and the result is hypercalcemia.
In Addison's disease there is a high calcium input into the extracellular fluids leads to many complications such as vascular and nephron calcification and cardiac problems.
Further high bone resorption pours more calcium into the blood and makes the condition from worse to worst.
The serum dihydroxy vitamin D3 content becomes low.
Parathyroid activity is impaired.
Even though calcium irregularities associated with Addison's disease is rare but if hyperparathyroidism or treated hypoparathyroidism is followed by Addison's disease then here is 99% possibility to get hypercalcemia
Symptoms of Addison's Disease:
Although Addison's disease is uncommon and rare the medical condition is fatal. If you experience the following symptoms see a doctor.
1.More skin darkening areas like pigments
2.Deep tiredness, fatigue, and weakness.
3.Weight loss
4.G.I distress, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain.
5.Headache
6.Craving for salt.
7.Joint pain.
Addison's disease can be treated by administration fludrocortisone an analog of aldosterone to correct sodium and potassium level.
Glucocorticoid can be given to correct calcium metabolism
Alternatively bisphosphonates, plicamycin, calcitonin (a parafollicular hormone of the thyroid gland), and loop diuretics along with rigorous rehydration can also be engaged by your according to the situations.
The administration of ACTH is a diagnostic test to find out the presence of Addison's disease.
Glucocorticoid can be given to correct calcium metabolism
Alternatively bisphosphonates, plicamycin, calcitonin (a parafollicular hormone of the thyroid gland), and loop diuretics along with rigorous rehydration can also be engaged by your according to the situations.
The administration of ACTH is a diagnostic test to find out the presence of Addison's disease.
