MEDICAL ERRORS-ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS

 ANTIPSYCHOTICS OR NEUROLEPTICS

Dopamine Flow in the Brain

Medical errors are substantially increasing in society.

The Erratic Effects of Psychiatric Drugs:-

1.Sleeping Pills (Anxiolytics & Sedatives)↛ Insomnia, parasomnia, somnambulant, anxiety and sedation.

2.Antipsychotics        ↛ Depression, sedation, 

3.Antidepressants       ↛  Excitation, Agitation,&                                                                   Psychosis    All the above can precipitate anticholinergic and extrapyramidal side effect including Parkinson Disease (P.D), Alzheimer's Disease (A.D), panic and sleep disorders etc. etc. 

To have a clear look please click on the figure

Most of them are due to the unawareness of the patients and the non-descriptive drug information by the prescriber and the pharmacist. Antipsychotic drugs are nowadays very commonly taken by the public for years and years. They carry very old prescription to go to the pharmacy and buy the medicines directly from the counter without any restriction and care. They are not aware of the time limit set by their doctor to take the drug. They become an addict to that. They do not revisit the doctor for further opinion on whether to continue the medication or not. This is due to the addiction developed into them. The addictive mind masks the person from taking care of his own health.

All the psychiatric treatments are unrealistic and they do not bring the cure or solution to the problem rather they push the problem further into a deep crisis. (See Fig above).

For example, long use of sleeping medicines to treat insomnia leads to tolerance to produce again insomnia, agitation, and depression. 

Then a long time use of antidepressants leads to agitation and psychoses. 

Then to treat psychosis the patient is asked to take antipsychotics. Prolonged use of antipsychotics leads to again depression. 

The cycle is going without any end and then where is the real cure.

What is Psychosis:-

The Brain 
To see clear please click on the figure

In our Brain System, there are some hormones which are known as brain or central stimulating hormones. They are as follows:-

1.Norepinephrine or Noradrenaline

2.Dopamine

3.Acetylcholine

4.Aspartic acid

5.Glutamic Acid

Out of all the above five, dopamine takes the centre as it is concerned with our mental power of physical movements, memory, motivations and emotional response, reward-motivated behaviour and desire, addiction, hormonal regulations, maternal behaviour (nurturing), pregnancy and sensations.

The 4 Dopamine Pathways
To see still clear please click on the figure

Dopamine takes the central place of controlling motor functions, motivation, arousal, reinforcements, executive functions and rewards at a higher level. Also, it controls functions including breastfeeding, sexual gratification and nausea at a lower level. Due to some pathological condition if dopamine is overactive and all of its above functions exceed beyond the limit it leads to a mental overactivity known as psychosis. To read further 1.click (2.here).

The above picture shows the normal pathways of dopamine in our brain. But if when a person repeatedly subjected to continuous and severe pressing situations and trauma then that person become psychotic due to the exacerbated dopamine travel.

The person goes to a psychiatrist to solve this problem. The doctor prescribes antipsychotic drugs. It is totally absurd to take drugs to solve mental problems. Because all psych drugs are neurotoxic and produce serious side effects in later periods.

All antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol, fluphenazine, chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, perphenazine, and thiothixene are blocking dopamine to reach its receptors and reduce its activities in the brain. Chronic use of these drugs produces serious side effects including Parkinson Disease (P.D), extrapyramidal effects like tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, bradykinesia and many other complications including anticholinergic and endocrine side effects.

Antipsychotics may not produce the required effects immediately but sedation and other side effects can occur rapidly.

Dopamine Blockade
To see clearly click on the figure

Parkinson Disease (P.D.):-

Parkinson's Disease

Continuos use of antipsychotics can cause a slow progression of P.D. due to the total loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantial nigra of the basal ganglia in the midbrain.

What are extrapyramidal side effects?

Akathesia-Motor restlessness

                                  Akathesia

Acute Dystonia-Slow and prolonged muscle spasm of tongue, neck and face.

Dystonia

Neuroleptic malignancy-Rigidity, altered mental status, cardiac arrhythmias, elevated B.P., and fatal hyperpyrexia.

                     Antidopamine Malignancy

Tardive dyskinesia-Rhythmical involuntary movements of tongue, lips or jaw. Chewing and puckering of the mouth.

                          Tardive Dyskinesia

All the above are a few of their side effects.

A recent study stated that prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs can precipitate metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders.

Morally psychosis does not need bodily medication but needs mental counselling by a psychologist at its very beginning. 

But once you start medication according to a psychiatrist, then you will become a drug addict that will result in many bodily complications.

Beware of psychiatry.

BEWARE OF SLEEPING MEDICINES

SLEEPING MEDICATION-ERRORS

BLOW HOT BLOW COLD

All experts in the medical and pharmaceutical industry, including doctors, should make warnings about sleeping pills to patients and the general public. That is not only justice and virtue but also humanity.

A 2012 survey by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States alone found that about 500,000 people die each year from sleeping pills. Suicides were not included in this survey. It only adds to the death toll of those addicted to it that I would not get any sleep if I did not take sleeping pills daily.

According to a study, regular use of sleeping pills can cause insomnia (INSOMNIA). Thus they increase the dose spontaneously without consulting a doctor. It causes more problems. 

parasomnia is one of the bad sleeping sicknesses. It also comes down to those who abuse sleeping pills. Symptoms  

1. Awakening from sleep with confusion and instability 

2. Stunning to know where we are when we wake up. Feeling alienated from our own home. Surprise.

3. Doing things without realizing it. Such as driving. Cooking.

4. Finding abnormal wounds and marks on the body 

5. Inability to sleep at night, sleeping during the day, such as a dilemma 

Somnambulance is a sleep disorder that often affects people who take sleeping pills.

The sleep that comes with a sleeping pill is a night of bad sleep. You will feel this bad sleep as soon as you wake up. The battered model would be such an asshole. A headache will come. Constipation follows. That is what will make you feel like a patient in the course of the day you will not be active. It can also cause blurred vision, dizziness, nausea, tremors, and weakness. These are all anticholinergic effects. Click here to see more clearly about this.

Sleeping pill habits can become addictive over the course of the day and make you addicted. If you are addicted like that, then your normal sleep pattern will be disturbed as if you do not have a pill, you will not get even a normal night sleep.

The pictures below illustrate how sleeping pills can affect your nerves.

Fig-1

 

As shown in Figure 1 above, the movement of a nerve is normal. The first to be shown in Level-1 from top to bottom is the Neural System of a Nerve. It contains sodium ions outside the nerve cell and potassium ions inside. Both sides contain chloride ions. Sodium ions (Na +) are generally more positively charged (POSITIVE or + -ve) ions than potassium (K +) ions. Chloride (Cl-) ions, meanwhile, are strong NEGATIVE or -ve ions. Therefore at this polarized state, the positive energy outside the nerve cell is high (+)

Inside the cell, it is either loose (+)positively charged or strong negatively charged (-) ions.

The following hormones in the central nervous system are stimulant neurotransmitters. They are,

1) Noradrenaline, 

2) dopamine, 

3) acetylcholine, 

4) glutamate and 

5)Aspartate.

When one of these hormones binds its receptor, the charged ions begin to flow through their respective gates in and out of the nerve cell. The strongly charged sodium ions flow in, with an equal effusion of potassium ions out of the nerve cells that cause a stronger ( ➕ ) positive charge inside the cell. This condition is called cell depolarization (Figure 1-Level-2).  

In this condition the nerve cell got excited. (Figure-1, stage-3)

FIG-2

Figure-2 above is the next stage of Figure-1. That is, we saw in the illustration of Figure-1 above that under normal conditions the positive energy outside the nerve cell and the negative energy inside are in equilibrium and that this state is reversed by the stimulation of nerve stimulating hormones.

In Figure-2 we can see the attacks of nerve suppressor or suppressing hormones secreted in the same central nervous system.

The inhibitory or suppressing neurotransmitter hormones secreted in the central nervous system are as follows: -

1. GABA - GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

2.Glycine (GLYCINE)

3.SEROTONIN or 5-HYDROXY TRYPTOPHANE

The most important of these is GABA. During normal sleep, GABA binds to its receptor in a normal state, followed by a few chloride ions enter the nerve cells and bring the nerve to a normal polarized electrical state. (Figure-2-Level-2) This is the natural sleep state.

After taking a sleeping pill, for example, alprazolam that binds to its own receptor adjacent to the GABA receptor  (Fig-2- Level-3) causes GABA to bind its receptor firmly and very intimately (Fig-2-level-3) that follows a heavy inflow of chloride ions inside the cell and causes the nerve fibre hyperpolarized, that means it attained a state of hardness to depolarize to return to its original state. (Figure-2-Level-3). That is why the sleep that comes with a sleeping pill is not a real sleep but a sense of mild to moderate unconsciousness. Death can follow if it has been given an overdose 

Eating this often will cause your nervous system to degenerate a little bit. 

Causes neurasthenia. Over the course of the day, you will find yourself feeling like a patient. 

People who should not take sleeping pills: -

1.Drinkers who usually drink alcoholic beverages such as brandy and whiskey 

2. Addicted to drugs such as cannabis, opium, cocaine, heroin 

3.Antipsychotics such as Perphenazine, Haloperidol (Haldol), Troperidol, Closaparil (Clozaril), Risperidone (Risperdal) and the drug Chlorpromazine (Largactil) should be avoided with anxiolytics

4. People who take antidepressants such as amitriptyline

5. Cholinergic antagonists 

6. Allergy medications, including cough medicines  

How to quit sleeping pill habit?

 Those who take 10 mg daily should take it as 5 mg, those who take 5 mg daily should take it as 2 mg, and those taking it daily should take 2 mg. Eat it once a week or once a month, then cut it down to once a day or twice a day and then drop the habit immediately. 

Is Melatonin Good for Sleep?

Click here to see more about it 

What are the types of sleeping pills and their individual members under each type?

Table of Sleeping Medicines

BARBITURATES

Barbiturates like Luminal (Phenobarbital), Nembutal (Pentobarbital), Amytal (Amobarbital) and Pentothal (Thiopental) are nowadays rarely used as sleeping aids because of their serious side effects. Phenobarbital is used to control seizures as an anticonvulsant.

Thiopental is used as an anaesthetic adjuvant. For more details click here.