Lung Cancer-3-Treatments-a

a-Surgeries

LUNG CANCER

Surgery for small non-cellular lung cancer 

Surgery to remove cancer may be an option for non-early stage small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This provides an excellent opportunity to cure the disease. However, lung cancer surgery is a complex surgery that can have serious consequences, so it should be performed by a surgeon with experience in lung cancer surgery.

If your doctor thinks cancer can be cured by surgery:

 💥Lung function tests will be done to see if you have enough healthy lung tissue after surgery.

 💥Tests will be done to check the function of your heart and other organs and to ensure that you are healthy enough for surgery.

💥Your doctor should check if cancer has already spread to the lymph nodes between the lungs. This is often before surgery.

💥Is performed with mediastinoscopy or another technique described in lung tests.

Types of lung surgery

Different functions may be used to treat (and possibly cure) NSCLC. Through any of these operations, nearby lymph nodes are also removed to detect the spread of cancer. These activities require general anesthesia (you are in a deep sleep) and in general,

💥Thoracotomy: This surgery is performed by incision between the ribs on the side or back of the chest. (This treatment is called thoracotomy).

💥Pneumonectomy: This surgery removes the entire lung. This may be necessary if the tumor is near the center of the chest.

💥Lobectomy: The lung is made up of 5 lobes (3 on the right and 2 on the left). In this surgery, the entire flap containing the tumor (or tumors) is removed. If this can be done, this is often the preferred surgical method for NSCLC.

💥Segmentectomy or wedge resection: In these surgeries, only part of the flap is removed. This approach can be used if a person does not have sufficient natural endurance.

💥Sleeve resection:: This surgery can be used to treat some cancers of the large airways in the lungs. The large airway with the tumor is similar to the sleeve of a shirt with a stain a few inches above the wrist, and the sleeve resection is like cutting the top and bottom (tumor) across the sleeve (airway) and then sewing the cuff. This surgery can be performed by a surgeon instead of a pneumonectomy to preserve more lung function on the re-compressed sleeve.

The surgery recommended by your doctor depends on the size and location of the tumor and how well your lungs are functioning.

If a person's lungs are healthy enough, only then doctors will often seek to perform a comprehensive surgery (for example, a lobectomy instead of a segmentectomy) as it may provide a better chance of curing cancer.

When you wake up after surgery, a tube (or tubes) will come out of your chest and attach to a special container to allow excess fluid and air to escape. The pipe (s) will be removed once the liquid drain and air leakage are sufficiently reduced. Generally, you should stay in the hospital for 5 to 7 days after surgery.

Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS): -

Video-assisted chest surgery (VATS), also known as thoracoscopy, is a procedure often used by physicians to treat early-stage lung cancer. It uses small incisions, usually performed with a small period of hospital stay, and has fewer complications than thoracotomy.

Most experts recommend treating only the early stages of lung cancer in this way. The healing rate after this surgery is the same as for surgery with a large incision. But it is important that the surgeon who performs this procedure is experienced because it requires more skill.

Robot-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS)

In this approach, thoracoscopy is performed using a robotic system. The surgeon sits on a control panel in the operating room and moves the robotic arms to operate through several small incisions in the patient's chest.

RATS is similar to VATS in terms of lower pain, blood loss, and recovery time.

To the surgeon, this robotic system of moving tools may offer greater efficiency and greater accuracy than basic VATS treatment. However, the most important factor for the success of both types of breast surgery is the experience and skill of the surgeon.

Possible risks and side effects of lung surgery

Surgery with potential risks for lung cancer can have many major and serious side effects, which is why these treatments are not a good idea for everyone. While all surgeries have certain risks, these depend on the size of the surgery and the overall health of the person, and the severity of the surgery.

Possible complications during and after surgery include anesthesia, excessive bleeding, blood clots in the legs or lungs, wound infections, and pneumonia. Rarely, some people cannot survive the surgery.

Lung cancer usually takes weeks to months to recover from surgery. If the surgery is done with a thoracotomy (a long incision in the chest) the surgeon will have to stretch the ribs to go to the lungs, so the area near the incision will be painful for some period of days after the surgery.

Your activity may be limited to at least one or two months. People with VATS instead of thoracotomy have less pain after surgery and heal faster.

If your lungs are in good condition (except for cancer) and a flap or even the entire lung is removed, you may return to normal after a while. If you have another lung disease such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis (which is common among long-term smokers), shortness of breath may occur with some activity after surgery.

Surgery for lung cancer that has spread to other organs:

If the lung cancer has spread to your brain and there is only one tumor, you may benefit from removing the tumor. This surgery should only be considered if the tumor in the lung has been removed or treated (with radiation and/or chemotherapy).

Surgical removal of a tumor in the brain is called a craniotomy. It should only be done if the tumor is removed without damaging vital parts of the brain.

Lung cancer-2

Patient Education: Risks, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Lung Cancer 

Lung cancer is a serious disease that affects many people and their families. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Cigarette smoke causes most lung cancers, but there are a number of factors that can cause lung cancer.

If a person has lung cancer, tests can determine the type of lung cancer and whether it has spread. If cancer is suspected, X-rays, imaging scans, and blood tests should be done. A biopsy is a procedure that removes small tissue from a tumor so it can be examined and examined under a microscope.

When cancer spreads, it is called "metastasis". Cancer status is determined by the size of the tumor and whether it has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. The condition worsens as the tumor enlarges or metastasizes. One of the guiding factors in treatment options is the stage of the disease.

This article will discuss the risks of developing lung cancer, the different types of lung cancer, the symptoms, and testing for people with lung cancer. Finally, this article will review the steps taken to determine each stage of the disease.

Some additional risk factors

Age: -

The risk of developing lung cancer increases with age. Lung cancer can occur in young people, although it is more common in people under 40 years of age. After the age of 40, the risk of developing lung cancer slowly increases each year.

Family and genetic risk: -

Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Anyone with a first-degree relative (parent or sibling) who has been diagnosed with lung cancer is at risk of developing lung cancer.

Lung Disease and Other Cancers:- 

People with another type of cancer may be at risk of developing lung cancer.

This is especially true for those who use tobacco-related cancers, such as throat cancer, or who have received radiation therapy for the chest area. In addition, people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary fibrosis (PULMONARY FIBROSIS) have a higher risk of developing lung cancer.

Screening tests for lung cancer

Lung cancer screening is not recommended for those at low risk.

For those at high risk, screening for lung cancer with a low-level computed tomography (CT) scan can reduce the risk of death from lung cancer. This applies to people between the ages of 50 and 80, and those with a history of 20 pack-years of cigarette use (e.g., 1 pack per day for 20 years, or 2 packs per day for 10 years), and those who have quit or quit smoking in the last 15 years.

Symptoms of lung cancer:-

When lung cancers are small and early in the stage, the person may feel normal and have no symptoms. If cancer develops into advanced stages, most people will experience one or more symptoms.

However, the symptoms of lung cancer may be similar to the symptoms of other common problems. If you are worried about your symptoms, talk to your doctor or nurse.

The most common symptoms of lung cancer are:-

● Cough - A new cough that is getting worse or worsening may be a sign of lung cancer.

● Blood in the cough - the medical term for this is "hemoptysis". Anyone with a bloody cough, whether it is frozen, streaked, or rusty in color, should see a doctor as soon as possible for an evaluation.

●Shortness of breath - especially if it comes on quickly, is a major symptom if you feel difficulty breathing.

●Chest infections (such as bronchitis or pneumonia) do not heal with treatment or return quickly after treatment.

●Shortness of breath (a whistling sound when you breathe).

● Dull, sharp, or stabbing chest pain.

●Voice hoarseness.

●Headache and swelling in the face, arms, or neck.

● Pain in the arms, shoulders, and neck - This can be caused by a tumor in the upper part of the lungs (called a pancreatic tumor). Other symptoms include weakness of the arm muscles (due to pressure on the nerve that triggers the arm), drooping eyelids, and blurred vision.

●General Health Symptoms - Although there are no symptoms related to lung, breathing, or chest, there are common signs that indicate lung cancer. These include:

●Indescribable weight loss

●Fatigue or lethargy

●A condition in which bone or joint pain does not go away or worsens

Early testing and diagnosis:-

If you have symptoms that indicate lung cancer, your doctor will ask specific questions about your symptoms and get a physical exam. Yours

 If the test results are still related to the disease, additional tests, including a blood test and X-rays or scans, may be ordered.

If a chest x-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, or positron emission tomography (PET) scan shows abnormalities that may indicate cancer, additional tests may be performed to remove the tumor and usually a biopsy.

A biopsy can be performed in one of the following ways:-

● Bronchoscopy is a flexible tube with a camera and other small instruments inserted through your mouth or nose and then inserted into the trachea 

●Endobronchial ultrasound bronchoscopy (EBUS) is a technique that combines flexible trachea and ultrasound to first look at the lymph nodes in the chest and then take biopsies from the enlarged lymph node.

●CT-guided microscopic needle biopsy is performed by inserting a thin needle through the skin to detect the tumor by CT scan and remove a small sample of tissue.

 ●An injection aspiration is performed by inserting a needle into a tumor or lymph node that can be felt under the skin or seen by ultrasound.

● Thoracentesis is the insertion of a needle and small catheter into a fluid collection in the chest to remove fluid and see through a microscope.

● If the tumor is small or other biopsy procedures are not conclusive, surgery may be required to remove it completely. The most common surgical procedures are mediastinoscopy. It is used to biopsy the lymph nodes in the center of the chest.

●Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery:-

It is a less invasive route for biopsy of lung tissue; And thoracotomy, which is a major surgery to remove large areas of lung tissue or tumors.

Advanced screening for lung cancer

In addition to looking at the tumor with a microscope, some lung cancers can be tested for abnormal proteins called biomarkers or mutations in their DNA.

Common biomarkers of lung cancer include projected cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) exposure, epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) transplants, and c-ROS oncogene 1 (ROS).

Types of lung cancer

There are different types of lung cancers; Based on how cancer cells look under the microscope. However, two main types are used to determine the best treatment approach.

 ●85 to 90 percent of people with lung cancer are diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There are subtypes of NSCLC, the most common of which are adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.

● Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is found in about 10 to 15 percent of the population

The reason for classifying lung cancer in this way is that the two types grow differently and metastasize. Small cell and non-small cell cancers also have different treatments for surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)Stage: -

Once lung cancer is diagnosed, the next step is to carefully measure the size of the tumor, determine its exact location and look for evidence of its spread. This process is called staging.

Determining the stage of lung cancer is complicated because various tests and procedures are used when determining the stage.

Staging tests focus on confirming the presence or absence of tumors in specific areas of the body.

Staging can be done using a combination of computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, and positron emission tomography (PET) scan.

If suspicious findings are found, a biopsy may be needed to confirm the presence of metastasis. More than one biopsy or invasive procedure is often required to fully diagnose lung cancer.

Factors used to exclude a stage for small non-cellular cancer: (NSCLC)

●Tumor size and location. This is called the "T" factor.

●Does the tumor occupy the lymph nodes and tissues inside the chest? This is called the "N" factor.

●Whether the tumor has spread to areas outside the chest (for example, lung cancer can spread to the bones, liver, adrenal glands, or elsewhere). This is called the "M" factor.

Factors T, N, and M are linked into groups that determine the overall cancer stage.

NSCLC Levels I to IV. Low numbers (stages I and II) indicate that the tumor is small or has not been found to spread beyond the chest High numbers (stages III and IV) indicate that the tumor is large or metastasized.

Small Cell Lung Cancer Stage (SCLC):-

The technical position for SCLC is similar to that of NSCLC. However, treatment options are usually determined by a simplified system. This is because SCLC has different development patterns and different forecasts.

SCLC is generally classified as a "defined" or "comprehensive" disease. This system helps to determine which treatment is most effective.

 ●Limited disease - This refers to SCLCs on one side of the chest and lymph nodes.

●Comprehensive disease - This refers to SCLC, which spreads to the opposite side of the chest or to distant places outside the chest.