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DO YOU KNOW?-3

DO YOU KNOW?-3
CREATININE CHEMISTRY

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Wednesday 27 April 2016

IV-ORAL CARE-ORAL LESIONS

OTC PRODUCTS FOR ORAL LESIONS

Cranker sores are also known as recurrent aphthus ulcers or syndroms 
These cranker sores are always appear within the mouth on or undrer the tongue,on the roof of the mouth and the inner portion of the chin
They are white or grey lesions and shallow in appearence sorrounded by reddish inflammations .They make inconvenience to chew,to swallow and to talk.
They are usually self healing within a week if left unattended.
There are two types as Simple and Complex
Simple These may appear three or four times in a year and heal in a week.Usually occuring in the age of 10 to 20 years.
Complex These are less common and occur to people who previously had these ulcers.
A cranker sore differ from Cold sore as the later is due to microbial infection and contageous and always appear out side the mouth such as under the nose whereas cranker sores always appear inside the mouth and lips and it is not by infections.Cold sores are fluid filled and more painfull where as cranker sores are shallow lesions sorrounded by reddish iflammations
Causes The exact cause is not known but stress or mouth injury may precipitate these ulcers.Citrus fruits and acid vegetables may exagerate the condiions.Some times a sharp tooth,or an ill fited denture may also generate canker sores.Deficiency of vitamin -B may be cause for complex cranker sores
OTC-Treatments
Proectants such as Orabase,Denture adhesives,and Benzoin tincture are tried in which denture adhesives was disproved by FDA
Local anesthetics like benzocaine,and butacaine are the common products used in OTC pain releif.Other ingredients approved by FDA are,
1.Benzocaine as 5 to 20%
2.Benzyl alcohol as 0.05 to 0.1%
3.Hexylresorcinol  as 0.05 to 0.1%
Examples of OTC local anesthetic products approved by FDA are,
1.Anbesol
2.Blistex
3.Orajel
4.Orajel Cover-Med
5.Benzodent
The products contain Phenol,Menthol,Camphor,and Clove oil are discouraged because of their irritating nature
Aspirin should not be used and retained in the mouth or placed on a lesion as a pain releiver 
Amelexenox is now on a status of approval by FDA to releive painfull crank sores
Coldsores or Fever blisters These are from infective origins usually by Herpes Simplex and are very painful and always filled with fluids and  mostly  these cold sores appear out side the mouth,such as lips,and under the nose.Stress,fever,minor infections or sunlight may provoke the sores.
At the beginning it start with burning,itching and numbness,followed by the formation of red papules of fluid containg vesicles.These vesicles eventually rupture to form crusts.These cold sores will automatically heal in 10 to 14 days without forming scares
OTC medications For cold sores medications are available on OTC
1.Skin softening products such as emollient creams,vasaline cream,petrolatum cream.
Benzocaine a local anethetic contain Orabase can be used to releive the pain.
The American Dental Association discourages the use of highly rritant products such as caustic agents like phenol,silver nitrate,benzoyle peroxide,sulphur,and various anti-acne products and corticosteroids as these products may worsen the conditions.
2.If infection become severe antibiotics like Bacitracin and Neomycin containing creams can be applied
3.Sun protecive Lip-cream can also be applied
4.L-lysine can be taken orally with a daily dosage of 300-1200mg.to accelerate recovery and suppress the recurrence. 
Prescription Products 1.Acyclovir 400 mg is taken by oral daily on prescription.Also a 5% cream of acyclovir can also be applied four times daily to minimise the severity.
3.A oral dosage of Famciclovir in the srenghth of 125 mg,250 mg,and 500 mg ,three times a day has also been studied.



III-ORAL CARE-TEMOROMANDIBULAR JOINT SYNDROM

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DYSFUNCTION

It is a term used to include pain and a non coperative working relationship between the chewing muscle and the joint.
Symptoms Dull and aching pain around the ear produces headaches,neck aches limited opening of the mouth with a popping sound.
Grinding teeth and biting abnormalities are the risk factors.
Treatments include applying moist heat to he jaw,muscle relaxants with doctors advise ,a diet of soft foods,biting plates,correcting the occlusion, or surgery.
OTC pain releivers like Paracetamol can be used.

TEETHING PAIN

The American Dental Association has not approved any OTC pain killers to be taken by a baby like Medomol syrup or drops for teething pain.
Releifs can be possible by using local anesthetics like benzocaine containing baby orajel
If a teething child is present with fever better to contact a physician.

XEROSTOMIA

I is a condition at which the salivary glands are not properly functioning leads to dry mouth as seen in Sjogren's syndrom.
Artificial salivas are available as OTC and can be used.The ADA has aproved the following OTC arificial salivas including Moi-stir;Salivart;Xero-Lube;and Saliva substitute 

Tuesday 26 April 2016

II-ORAL CARE -GINGIVITIS

GINGIVITIES-PREVENSION

If we do not care our mouth and buccal cavity there are many problems would arise including gingival inflammations.Gingivas under the teeth is fixed and gingiva attached with our inner jaws are movable but both are proned to get inflammations.
A inflammation the gingiva will be enlarged with a bluish hue due to engorged gingival capillaries and a slow venous return
Causes Gingival inflammations are caused by microbial damages if cellular and intercellular gingival tissues.There are chronic and acute gingivities.In chronic the gingival inflammations markedly localised and generalised.The gum would readily bleed on probing and brushing.Painful sensitization.The patient should seek a medical assistance.
For OTC treatments oral anesthetics include euginol(clove oil) and benzocaine (Oragel) are available.Clove oil has antiseptic property also.Paracetamol can also give a pain releif but the patient should seek the medical advice to get cure.
Periodontal Disease is formed if gingivitis is left untreated.In periodontal disease the periodontal ligament attachment and the alviolar bone support of the tooth deteriorate
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)
It is known by the name Trench Mouth in which necrosis and ulceration of gingival cells occur with underlying inflammations.This condition is usually seen in young adults and teens.
Symptoms are included as severe gum pain,with foul taste,bad odour,bleeding and increased salivary secretions. 
The causative organisms are unknown but it is well beleived that it is associated by the over growth of spirochette and fusiform organisms which are usually present in the mouth.
Anxiety,stress,smoking,poor oral hygeine,malnutrions may also contributors of risk.
Treatments should be carried out by a dentist.The prescription include Penicillin-VK the oral penicillin of phenoxy methyl or ethyl penicillin as a potassium salt is more preferable because of its acid stability.Metronidazole can also be used to controll the lesions.
OTC Products These are for a temperory releif includes paracetamol.clove oil and oragel.Aspirin and any salicylate should not be used if bleeding is there
An oral mouthwash contains 1.5% hydrogen peroxide solution may be used.
 

OTC DENTAL MEDICATION

COMMON TOOTH PROBLEMS-TREATMENTS

Dental caries or cavities

These problems start with when we are not following the proper tooth care,then our tooth are attacked with cariogenic microbes which are growing and implating in our tooth.
The causative organisms are Streptococcus muans and Lactobacillacae,these organisms release lactic acid which demineralise the enamel and produce cavities.
Diet contains high content of white sugar (sucrose) are also another causative.Sucrose is converted by the microbes into volatile acids that destroys enamel.Fructose and Lactose are less cariogenic.
Artificial sweetening agents such as xylitol,sorbitol,and aspartam are not cariogenic.
OTC products for a time being releif until to reach a doctor includes euginol,benzocaine (Anbesol,Oragel),Aspirin and Paracetamol

Plaques and Calculus

Plaque is a sticky material formed by the attachment of bacteria to the pellicle a thin mucoprotein that adhere with the enamel immediately after cleaning the tooth.When the bacteria attached with the pellicle it produces plaques.Plaques can be easily removed by brushibg the teeth with a dentifrice and can be prevented by brushing withou paste regularly after every meals containing sugar and milk.Night brushing with a paste is very important
Calculus or tartar is formed if the plaque is not removed in 2 to 3 hours.The plaque begins to calcify by the saliva and becomes calculus.Once calculus formed then it should be removed only by a dentist.

OTC Treatments

a.Soft and round ended bristles containing tooth brushes are perfect.
b.Irrigating products such as Dento spray,Hydro-pic are used.Withese spraying device one can rince and wash with high pressure stream of water through a nozzle.Gently lift the free gingiva to rince the cervix
c.Dental floss or tape are also can be used as perfect adjuncts for oral hygene.These are available as waxed or unwaxed as per our tastes of interests.Waxed floss or tapes are recommonded in case of tight teeth with little gaps as they can pass through the gaps very easily without shredding.
The American Dental Association (ADA) has recommended  the following brands Butler,J&J,Floser and Oral-B
d.Dentifrices are products that are used to remove plaques and stains with a brush.(e.g)Tooth pastes, Mouth washes,cosmetic teeth bleachers,desensitizind agents etc.etc.
1.Tooth Pastes These are very useful to clean the teeth like by a soap to look perfect by removing bad odour and taste,stains and plaques if use regularly at night and in a proper manner.
Whenever we buy tooth paste we should read its contents.A perfect T.P must contain the followings:-
A)Abrasives are meant for plaque and debris removal and includes any one of the followings 1.silicates;2.sodium bicarbonate;3.dicalcium phosphate;4.sodium metaphosphate;5.calcium pyrophosphate;6.calcium carbonate;7.magnesium carbonate and 8.aluminium oxides.9.Potassium flurides
B)Surfactants are soap forming substances acting as foaming agents and their detergent properties are very useful to clean the debris.(e.g.)1.sodium lauryl sulphate;2.sod.dodecyl benzene sulfonate
C) Humectants are wetting agents to keep the product away from drying.(e.g.)1.sorbitol;2.glycerin and 3.propylene glycol
D) Suspending agents are the agents giving proper thickness and rigidity to the produts (e.g.) Tragacanth;Methyl cellulose and Karaya gum.
E)Flavouring agents are agents to give odour and tastes includes sorbitol;aspartam;or sachcharin
Cosmetic Whitening Agents are special ingredients and the preparation should not be used for daily purpose but weekly once is advisable as they are bleeching agents to offer a cosmetic white shining to your teeth.(e.g)10% sodium carbamide;glycerin oxide;proxygel.
These preparations are harmful if used daily and frequently.The side effects include alteration of the normal flora;tissue irritation;teeth sensivity and gingivities
Desensitizing agents These are the agents meant for minimising teeth sensitive pains by cold,heat and touch.These ingredians are non-abrasives and could be included in special preparations and should be used as per the dentist's advice.(e.g.)5%Potassium nitrate containing such as Denquel;Promise;Fresh Mint Sensodyne
Disclosing agents These are the products at the doctors desk used to find out the exact place of plaque formations.These products after use should be thoroughly washed and rinsed out and should not be swallowed.The American FDA approved products includes D&C red No-28;FD&C Green No-3
Mouth Washes are the liquid preparations usually contains astringents,demulsants,detergents,flavours;germicides and fluorides.
There are many types as follows
cosmetic MW -The are used to remove bad odours and taste can be used cosmetically as a mouth freshner.These are prepared with or without alcohol but includes phenol and mint.
anti-plaque MW -These are medicated products include Listerine and Peridex.
fluoridated MW-These are meant for cleaning used as gargle for expectoration.After use any thing to be eaten or chewed should be atleast after 30 minutes only.American Dental Association has approved the following products such as Act anti-cavity Denal Rinse;Act for kids;Fluorigard Anticavity Dental Rinse 


 

   

THE DENTAl STRUCTURE

TOOTH CARE

The Anatomy Of The Tooth

The anatomy of the tooth is composed of two main parts as A)The Crown portion above the gingival line and B) The Root portion below the gingival line

A.The Crown

Again the crown portion is subdivided into 1.Enamel;2.Dentin;3.Cementum;4.Pulp

1.Enamel

This part is made out of calcium hydroxyapatite salts.It is covering the underline tooth structure known as the crown
2.Dentin
This is the largest part of the tooth located beneath the enamel.
3.Cementem
This is a bone like structure that covers the root and give attachments of the tooth to the periodontal ligaments
4.Pulp
This conains the free nerve endings 

 

 

Monday 25 April 2016

MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS OF ANGINA PECTORIS

ANTI ANGINAL DRUGS

Among the three types of angina the classic stable angina which accounts 90% of the incidents and is treatable and reversible.On the other hand the other two types the unsable type,and varient type which are accounting 10% to very rare and are medical emergencies as mostly they are irriversible and can lead to heart attack
The tretments are based on the strategy that the stable angina is always due to the demand of oxygen exceeds the supply.Hence the reatments should be either 1)Increasing the oxygen supply or 2)Decreasing the oxygen demand by the heart muscles
Oxygen Demand
 One must know the fundamental of this strategy.We know our heart is hardly working without rest upto our death.Every time it is contracting and relaxing with an average speed of 70 per minute.Every contractions and relaxes are composed of the following events:-
1.Preload - the diastolic filling pressure.When the blood enters into the chambers the chamber has to expand to accomodate the filling blood.For this its muscles has to relax against an external pressure and need oxygen.
2.Afterload-the systolic ejection pressure against the peripheral or outside vascular resistance pressure,and need oxygen
3.Heart rate-To keep the heart contractions and relaxations at a constant rate per fixed time need oxygen
4.Wall tension
All the above cosequences need oxygen. 

Classes of Anti-Anginal Drugs

1.Nitrates
2.Calcium channel blockers
3.Beta adrenergic blockers
4.Aspirin

Nitrates

Nirates are acting on heart smooth muscles and relax them as follows:
Nitrates releases nitric oxide which increases in the blood an hormone like substance cyclic Guanosine Mono Phosphate (cGMP) which inturn dephosphorylate the myosin content of the heart and vascular muscles and relax them.
Because of this the veins get dilated and relaxed,the venous pressure is diminished and hence there is a reduction in preload pressure.As a result preload and cardiac output are reduced.
On higher doses nitrates dilates arterioles also followed by reduced peripheral resistance and B.P

Examples of Nitrates 

1.Glyceryl trinitrate for sublingual and intra dermal administration on emergencies as the onset of action is immediate and lost immediately
2.Isosorbide Dinitrate-for oral administration and the effect is not immediate but last for longer time
3.Amyl nitrate - same as above
1.Glyceryl trinitrate which should be taken sub lingually to prevent the first pass metabolism by liver if taken orally as the drug will be 90% deactivated by liver.Also this can be taken by skin patches
this medicine is useful for acute anginal attacks and the onset of action is in seconds to minutes.
As a prophylactic we can use the oral and transdermal forms 
Because of tolerance please keep up nitrate free periods for long time use.
Toxicity Side effects mainly due to its vasodilating effects such as
1.Postural hypotention
2.Dizziness
3.Reflux tachycardia
4.Headaches

Calcium Channel Blockers

1.Nifedipine
2.Verapamil
3.Diltiazem
The mechanism of action is blocking the calcium channels of the vascular muscles and thereby preventing the entry of calcium ions and thus relaxing the muscles.
These are the drugs of choice for treating the variant types of angina known as Prinzmetal's syndrome.
Out of the above three verapamil is more cardiac dependant.
It is he powerfull inhibitor of the conduction at AV node.
Nifedipine is acting mostly on arterioles and therefore it much reduces the B.P.It has no effect on AV coduction system.
Diltiazem is having moderate action on arterioles and AV conduction system
They can be taken I.V.;Oral and Sublingual.
Toxicity 
1. headache
2.Dizziness
3.Nausea
4.Vomiting
5.Constipation
More serious Toxicities
1.Congestive Heart Failure 
2.AV node conduction block.

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

Examples  1.Propranolo
                  2.Atenolol
                  3.Metoprolol
                  4.Carvedilol
                  5.Labetelol 
                  6.Esmolol 
                   7.Pindolol
                 8.Timolol
They are useful in stable anginas by reducing frequencies and severity of the attacks by reducing heart rate,contractility and BP 
They have no much use in variant and unstable anginas
Contraindications
Beta blockers are contra indicated in Asthma,Diabetes,and Peripheral vascular diseases such as leg pains.
Calcium channel blockers are alternative for these patients
Selection Any medicine in this group can be used but atenolol, timolol,and metoprolol are more preferable as they are cardio selective.
They can be used in combination also as per the requirements

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