MEDICAL BITS-6

SOME USEFUL BITS

1)  Risk Factors Control     
 Controlling 7 risk factors for maintaining a healthy heart can also reduce the risk of developing Type-2 diabetes.
The risk factors are 1.Smoking Factor
                                2.Physical Activities
                                3.weight
                                4.Food
                                5.Blood Glucose
                                6.Cholesterol
                                7.Blood Pressure
The above risk factors mentioned above are modifiable by proper controls.
At least a man has to control any 5 of the above factors can be within the safe circle from getting heart problems and diabetes

2) Alzheimer's Disease   (AD)      
Alzheimer's Disease is the severe form of dementia caused by the damage of brain cells by an irregular build-up of a protein called beta-amyloid. A modified form of blood C-Protein known as 3K3A-APC which has been tested as brain cells protective factor in several pathological conditions like multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury in mice successfully.This modified protein which a 90% reduced anticoagulant activity from its parent protein also now under trial as blood cells protective from the amyloid build up and give some hope as a preventive or prophylactic against AD
A lack of deep sleep in the old age may sometimes be an indicator of the development of AD.
Research led by Dr.Sabrina Islamoska et.al from the Dept.of Public Health at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark has revealed that Stress has a strong link with AD and may raise the risk. 
3.Bone Broth
A recent study has shown the health benefits of Bone Broth.
Bone broth is a soup made by slow boiling of bones and connective tissues.
It has been well proved that bone broth soup is good for health.
When preparing the soup a little vinegar should be added while the bones are boiling to release all its beneficial proteins.
4.Borax
Borax is a naturally occurring mineral which is chemically a sodium salt of boric acid(Sodium tetraborate)
It is commonly used as a household cleaning agent
Also, it is used in cosmetics, like detergents soaps, and talc.
Some people use it as children's toys such as homemade slimes without knowing its harmful side effects. If children ingest it the following side effects can occur:-
1.Diarrhea
2.Shock
3.Vomit
4.Death.
So beware of a smile made out of borax while giving to your child as a toy.
5.The Gut Bacterial Flora
The human gut is having a surface area of approximately 300 to 400 sq.meter which is one of the largest interfaces between the human body and the environment.
Around 50 metric tons of food passing through the human G.I tract in an average life span.
This includes a huge quantity of microorganisms passing through the gut which sometimes could be life-threatening.
Healthy human babies have good gut bacterial flora which may protect them from developing allergies to various food including cow's milk.
An earlier study by Dr.Nagler et.al has found that the presence of caccae a bacteria belongs to the family of clostridium in the gut prevents allergy to nuts.
From this, they conclude that  the metabolic products of the healthy microbiome can be used to produce drugs to relieve food allergies
6.Aging And Hydrogen Sulphide
Interesting research by scientists from the University of Exeter, in the U.K, has inched us a little closer to understand the aging process. The study has found out that the chemical Hydrogen Sulphide can retard the aging process. They discovered the mitochondrial or the organelles that supply the power to the cells to grow. The power is in the form of a minute dose of hydrogen sulfide to the mitochondria which in turn gives the power boost to the senescence cells to grow.
Aging is technically known as senescence.
Cells that are aging and with reduced growth are known as senescent cells.
Mitochondria are the rod-shaped organelles that are functioning as the powerhouse of the cell. They convert oxygen, phosphorous, and other nutrients into Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) which is the energy by reduction into Adenosine Di Phosphate (ADP) for the cell to grow.
On aging Mitochondria becomes less active and eventually the cells retard to grow. Almost all organs and parts of our body are made out of cells with mitochondrial
Averagely each and every cell contains about 2000 to 4000 mitochondria. Liver cells contain the maximum.
There are two proteins known as the splicing or triggering factors such as SRSF2 and HNRNPD 
Scientists have found that these proteins are linked with cellular changes during aging.
The scientists designed three compounds known as AP39, AP123, and RT01 which would deliver a trace quantity of hydrogen sulfide gas into the cell mitochondria and thereby fires up the splicing factor to boost cell growth.
For this research a small samples of cells from the inside endothelial layers of the blood vessels.
The study yielded encouraging results that have been published in the magazine AGING.
People should not be confused with the idea that hydrogen sulfide is a healthy gas for inhalation.
This is purely a Lab Experiment.
Hydrogen sulfide is a poisonous gas and not to be inhaled.
7.Breast Cancer
The latest research at the University of Basel in Switzerland has proved that in breast cancer the metastasis (spreading) of the diseased cell can be prevented by transforming them into fat cells in mice. For this process they used Rosiglitazone an anti-diabetic drug with a MEK inhibitor such as Arcitgenin.
 8.Exercise
The research that appeared in the European Heart Journal describes that regular exercise can reduce the risks of heart attack, liver failure, and many vascular problems. They also found that regular exercise can boost peripheral utilization of insulin by the tissues and thereby cure insulin resistance.
9.Dental Floss
It has been proved that regular dental flossing may lead to the regular exposure of our body to a dangerous chemical such as Poly Fluro Alkyl Substances (PFAS)
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), frequent exposure of our body to PFAS may lead to serious health problems such as high cholesterol, kidney, and testicular cancer, and thyroid defects.
10.Fasting
Recently a group of scientists from the University of California has studied the health effects of intermittent fasting on our circadian rhythms

SLOW POISONING?-IS THAT A CLEVER WAY TO KILL PERSON?

ARE STEROIDS HARMFUL?

                                     The concept of slow poisoning to kill a person is different from killing a person by poisoning. Killing a person by poisoning is blindfold, and involves obsessive feelings but on the contrary slow poisoning involves cleverness and waiting for the person to die normally in due course and making the death appear natural.
But an autopsy can reveal the truth in both cases.
Usually, an autopsy is performed when the death occurred in a doubtful situation. This happens in normal poisoning which brings immediate death of an otherwise healthy young or old victim.
But in slow poisoning, an autopsy is unusual as the death may not be immediate, and appears natural.
For poisoning, the killer always uses deadly poisons like cyanides, insecticides, and any other dangerous drugs.
But in the case of slow poisoning, the killer does not need any dangerous chemical or poisonous drug. A normal water and table salt can be fatal
to any kidney patient if he is overdosed by that.
Paracetamol a common pain killer used to relieve headaches and fever by common people could be fatal if overdosed and prolonged overuse. Its daily limit is 4 grams.
Every time when someone consumes paracetamol a 10% of it is converted by the liver to form a dangerous metabolite known as N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NABQI), which is a liver poison. It will damage the liver cells. But luckily this is detoxified by an antioxidant known as glutathione present in the liver. But an extra overuse of paracetamol can overact the glutathione and thereby damage the liver.
White sugar and sweets are all dangerous to a sugar patient if he is not protected by proper medications 
Allergens,  that are allergic to a person can kill that person not immediately but in due course, if he is continuously exposed to that allergen.
Now our question is can steroids be used as slow poisoning as being doubted by the Suspected Death of our Former CM Miss. Jaya Lalita Enquiry Commission by the former C.J.Mr.Arumugasamy.
The Commission has got a medical report that Ms.J.J was allegedly ingested with oral or parenteral steroids for long periods in spite of her diabetic condition. 
But another report from another doctor confused the E.Commission that the steroids were given for her back pain for about 5 days only.
The Commission cannot come to a conclusion because there are confusing statements regarding this and all of them are contradicting each other.
So the inquiry is going on 
The question is can a diabetic patient be treated with steroids for such a long period with or without a doctor's advice. The answer is No
Because there are alternative medicines such as NSAIDs are available to treat back pain or any other inflammatory or rheumatic conditions.
Before starting to blame steroids first we must know about steroids, their chemistry, and their pharmacology.
It is very easy and interesting to understand the bio-data of steroids.
Though there are thousands of compounds in this group with variable chemical and physical characters still there are many similarities among them including their molecular structures.
It is not our purpose to go deeply into the chemistry of steroids but one thing we must know that there are many steroids that are endogenous and are familiar to our human body such as corticosteroids, sex hormones, and cholesterol.
Chemically all of them are interrelated with many similarities including their structural construction with the peculiar arrangement of 17 carbon atoms.
All endogenous steroids are not harmful to otherwise healthy people. But if any of them were ingested into the body from outside then the problem arises as our body does not wish anything from outside. Even an endogenous steroid if ingested into our body it will be treated as a foreign body and will be rapidly metabolized and eliminated.
Cortisol and hydrocortisone are two important corticosteroids, endogenously secreted from adrenal glands in their cortex regions.
Both of them are concerned with the glucose metabolism of our body against insulin hence known as glucocorticoids. They elevate blood sugar powerfully in case of emergency, alertness, and stress by the action of adrenaline. The elevated sugar level is controlled by insulin in stress relief.
A diabetic patient if ingested with such glucocorticoids for a long time will certainly suffer from many complications such as 
1.Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)
2.Immunity Deficiency
3.Fluid Retention
4. Weight Gain as a fluid collection in the body and Hypertension
5.Pneumonia and other infections due to lack of immunity
6.Moon Face
7.Ulcers in the stomach.
There are many comorbidities due to elevated blood pressure and blood sugar level.
There are other steroids such as sex hormones like testosterone in males and estrogens and progestins in females. A few of them to be mentioned briefly. They are testosterone in males, progesterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol in female.
As long as they are endogenous they do not do much harm to our health.
But they are harmful if taken into the body from outside without a reasonable cause and doctor's supervision.
Male sex hormones like testosterone if overdosed can be harmful to our health. Chronic use shall precipitate prostate cancer along with other comorbidities listed above.
Synthetic male hormones like nandrolone as decanoate(Deca-Durabolin),nandrolone phenylpropionate(Durabolin), methyltestosterone(Methyl test),and
methandrostenolone (Dianabol) and many more.
They are available in the market as bodybuilders, weight gainers, and power retainers.
But the black sides of these synthetic steroids if used carelessly and chronically are life-threatening.
Those who are involving sports and games are using any one of the above to gain victory in the sports events shall certainly encounter bad side effects later.
Methyltestosterone which is the oldest and simple synthetic form of testosterone is nothing but testosterone itself with a methyl radical at its 17th position. The drug is the most powerful anabolic steroids among all bodybuilder steroids. But due to its severe side effects of estrogenic conversion by the body the drug is less marketed. These types of steroids are used as slow poisoners in criminology and forensic science.
All steroids except the mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone are elevating blood sugar levels.
Aldosterone on the other hand is concerned with the minerals metabolism like sodium and potassium.
Aldosterone increases blood pressure by increasing blood sodium and water level by stimulating potassium excretion by the kidneys.
If this drug is overused without any care for a long time it will produce electrolyte imbalance, the elevation of sodium(hypernatremia), and a decrease in potassium level(hypokalemia) with the results of many cardiovascular complications.
Slow poisoning to kill a person is socially awkward and needs personal awareness.
It can be performed in any place, house, public places, or even in the hospital.
Sugar patients can safely consume fruits if they select fruits with a low glycemic load that does not matter how much their glycemic index.
Usually, 1 to 10 is the safer glycemic load range
Please check the glycemic load scale in the net
All creatures of God have the right to live.
Their rights should be respected.
Slow poisoning is a foolish way to solve problems.
God is the best and super planner of planners.
He is watching everywhere and everybody else.
If you plane against anyone then you will be trapped one day with the powerful plan of God.

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS

Recently on the news a woman poisoned her children and killed them. She used birth control pills for that purpose. Five pills killed the younger child in one dosage while five more pills needed to kill the elder one. Luckily the husband escaped from the plot.

Birth control pills are generally safe if used correctly and under the doctor's advice.

If misused and overdosed especially to children with underdeveloped sex systems they are harmful and life-threatening.

Estrogens and progesterone overdosed will surely result in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism and hepatic adenoma (Fatty Liver)

Pulmonary embolism is a condition in which there are clots or emboli formed in the pulmonary blood circulation such as pulmonary arterial circulation

These clots may spread from anywhere in the body especially from the legs and carry to the lung system usually from the legs.
Using progesterone overtime or overdose may directly cause blood clots in the pulmonary artery and can cause cardiac arrest.

                       Birth control pills or contraceptive pills are pills that usually contain synthetic forms of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogens are meant for preventing the endogenous secretion of estrogen and thereby stopping ovulation and progesterone is meant for maintaining a condition of pseudopregnancy and thereby stopping ovulation.

There are various types of packages by which the pills are available in the market.

21 pills package

These types of packs contain 21 pills only and women who wish to prevent pregnancy should take the first pill from the first day of the period and continue to take one pill per day up to the last pill at the last 21 st day.

After that there are seven pills free days. The natural period occurs in these days.

But on the 29th day the first day of the next period will start and the next package should be opened without forgetting.

Also 21 days pills are used by some women continuously by taking the pills without seven days gap to skip periods for some month according to their wish due to travels or some festival and celebrity events.

28 pills package

These packages contain 28 pills in which there are 21 active pills that contain hormones and the last seven pills which are placebo pills or pills with no hormones.

These placebo pills usually contain sugar or vitamins, iron, and folic acid.

These pills are useful for some women who may not have strong memory to take the pill exactly in the first period of the next period to keep them pregnancy free if there is a pill-free seven days gap.
Since the placebo pills contain no hormone during when the women start to take placebo pills on the 22 nd day of the periodic cycle the periodic bleeding should start.
If not started better to go for a home pregnancy test or see a doctor.
Sometimes there may be minor spots instead of bleeding due to long time uses of the pills.
This is due to 
1.stopping ovulation
2.Thickening of the cervix
3.Keeping the uterine linings thin and insufficient to shed of cells enough to get bleeding.

Skipping Periods

Skipping periods may vary from harm to benefit depending upon the body's health and the necessity.

You can skip the periods for several months to prevent mood swings, migraines,abdominal cramps, period pain, and tiredness. Also during travels and functions you can skip periods to avoid inconvenience. But consult with your gynecologist before you decide.

Skipping periods for several months have its own demerits as follows:

1. It may affect your overall health

2. It may affect your regular periodical cycle and system

3.Breakthrough bleeding

BENIFITS OF NUTS-1

 PISTACHIOS

Pistachios are a kind of tree nuts that has a lot of health benefits including high protein contents, antioxidants, and fibers. Because of its high protein content it is a good source of protein to vegetarians and vegans.

According to the US Agricultural Department, one ounce of the pistachio nuts contains:-

NUTRIENTS

1.Calories           -159

2.Protein             -5.72 gms

3.Fat                   -12.85 gms

4.Carbohydrates -7.70 gms

5.Fiber                 -3 gms

6.Sugar                -2.72 gms

7.Magnesium      -34 milligrams

8.Potassium         -291 milligrams

9.Phosphorous     -139 milligrams

10.Vitamin b-6    -0.480gms

11.Vitamin-B-1   -0.247mgs

ENERGY

The recommended daily intake of Vit-B-6 is 1.3 mg and an ounce serving of pistachio contains one-seventh of the recommended daily need of Vit-B-6.

Pistachio nuts have very low calories of energy that is 159. When compared with other nuts such as macadamia nuts (204 cal); and pecan nuts (196 cal) pistachio contains very low calories such as 159.

ANTIOXIDANTS

Antioxidants are substances that have benefits of reducing the risk of cancer and other diseases by preventing cell damage.

When compared with other nuts such as cashews and almonds pistachios contains more antioxidants.

Pistachios contain the following antioxidants:-

1.Alpha-tocopherol(Vitamin-E)

2.Phytosterols

3.Xanthophyll carotenoids

Practically a small research involving 28 participants who were given 1 or 2 services of pistachios for one month shows a considerable increase in the antioxidant levels of lutein, zeaxanthin a-carotene, and b-carotene, compared with those who ate none.

EYE HEALTH

Pist contains an abundance of the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin which are beneficial effects towards eye health.

According to the American Optometric Association lutein and zeaxanthin have good preventive effects towards Age-related Macular eye Disease (AMD) and Cataracts.

GUT HEALTH

All nuts including pistachio contain rich fiber contents that help the food moves easily down at the gut and thus it relieves constipation.

Also, pistachio is rich in prebiotics which increases the population of good gut bacteria over bad bacteria

PROTEIN

Pistachio nuts are rich in protein which can contribute to a vegan's daily protein need.

Taking one ounce of pistachio can supply 6 gms of protein per day.

FOR WEIGHT LOSS

Because of the high protein and fiber content followed by a low-calorie value pistachio nuts are a very good diet for those who wish to reduce their body weight.

GOOD FOR HEART HEALTH

Regularly taking pistachios may reduce blood cholesterol levels and high blood pressure. Hence it is very protective and safe to heart patients.

GOOD FOR BLOOD SUGAR BALANCE

Pistachio has a low Glycemic Index value and hence they would not cause a sharp rise in the blood glucose level after someone consuming them.

Fortunately pistachios are low in both Glycemic Index and as well as Glycemic Load.

"The Glycemic Index is the number associated with the carbohydrate content of a particular food item that shows the effect of these carbohydrates on a person's blood glucose levels.
A value of 100 is the standard that is the GI of pure glucose"

"Glycemic Load is a measure more accurate and dependable 
The Glycemic Load (GL) of a food is the number that estimates how much the food will raise a person's blood glucose level after eating it."
Formula:-
(GI/100) multiplied by the (label content of total carbohydrates minus fiber)=Glycemic Load
(e.g)
The GI of a particular food is 22=22/100=0.22
Total carbohydrates in the label=42
Fiber content mentioned in the label =12
Hence  Active carbohydrates   =  42-12 =30

Glycemic Load is                      =0.22 x 30 =6.6

MEDICAL BITS-5

MEDICAL BITS-5

1. AGING CAN BE HALTED BY HYDROGEN SULFIDE:-

New research by scientists from the University of Exeter in the UK discovered an important phenomenon of reversing the aging cells which interestingly involves minute traces of hydrogen sulfide gas 

Usually during aging cells slowly lose their activity and decline to multiply. These inactive cells accumulate and exceed the number of younger active cells as our age ascends. The process is known as senescence and the inactive aged cells are known as senescent cells

2. SKIN CANCER MAY PREDICT FUTURE CANCERS

It has been well understood that common skin cancer like melanoma can predict future cancers which may develop in other parts of the body.

3.DRUGS WHICH CAN ARREST CANCER CELLS MULTIPLY

A group of scientists from Australia now undergo researches on a class of drugs that are arresting the spread of cancer cells by inactivating two proteins such as KAT6A and KAT6B which are the driving forces for the cancer cells to multiply.

4.TYPES OF TUMORS

1.Benign Tumors which are noncancerous, harmless, and will not spread but rarely they may become premalignant and then malignant.

2.Premalignant Tumors which are cancerous but yet to become harmful. They may not spread at this stage.

3.Malignant Tumors which are at full cancerous state harmful and spread easily to other parts

5.DURATION OF SLEEP ON OUR HEALTH

Scientists at Keele University in the UK have studied the effects of sleep duration on our cardiac health.

They found that both reduced and too much sleep can produce harmful effects such as atherosclerosis, plaque formation, and inflammations.

But they wondered about their findings that excess sleep more than 9 hours is more harmful than reduced sleep.

6. HOOKAH SMOKING IS NOT HEALTHY

It was an old idea that traditional smoking like Hookah in which smoke is sucked through water bottles is lesser harmful than cigarette or cigar smoking.

But the idea is nullified by a recent statement by WHO which is supported by the researches from California University Los Angels that fruit and candy mixed tobacco crush which is used in hookah like traditional waterpipe smoking are also as dangerous as cigarette smoking.

7. GOJI BERRIES ARE HEALTHY DIETS

The following are the health benefits of Goji-berries:-

1. They are very beneficiary in reducing the risk of glaucoma

2. They contain a high content of antioxidants such as zeaxanthin which protect our body from UV radiation, oxidative stress, and free radicals.

3. They are rich in vitamins like A and C which improves our body immunity and help to fight cancer

4. They improve skin health as they contain beta carotenoids.

5. Goji berries improve insulin and cholesterol management of our body

6. They improve depression and mental health.

8.LICE BITES

Lice are external parasites lives in various parts of our and accordingly, they can be classified as follows:-

1. Head Lice:- They live in our head and settled at the base of the hair. Mostly they are harmless but can cause itching. They do not cause primary infections. Head lice feed on our blood by sucking. There are chewing lice which live on the skin and chew tiny debris present on the skin 
Lice infestation can be treated shampoo or lotion which contains pyrethrins(e.g: Permethrin), spinosad a natural insecticide present in bacteria, and ivermectin.
There are harmless natural remedies like Tea tree oil which can kill all the lice

9.PHARTOSMIA

Phantosmia is a kind of mental condition in which a patient feels some smell which actually not present. Phantomsmell or Phantosmia is mainly caused by sinusitis, bronchitis, and some problem in the nose or problem in the brain and nervous systems such as migraine,stroke, or schizophrenia.

10.WHAT TO EAT AFTER AN EXERCISE

1.Proteins

2.Carbohydrates

3.Healthy Fats

Heavy exercises such as weight lifting may cause minute tears in muscles which can be replaced by eating proteins such as, Eggs Greek yogurt, ricotta cheese, cottage cheese, and kefir.

Heavy exercises such as running can fastly deplete glycogen stores which can be replaced by eating or drinking carbohydrates such as sweet potatoes, fruits, grains, and cereals which are the preferable source for carbohydrates.
Heavy exercise needs healthy fats to replace consumption.
Fatty fishes such as salmon fish are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids.

LUNG CANCER SYMPTOMS,DIAGNOSES,AND TREATMENTS

LUNG CARCINOGENS

There are more than 100 carcinogens or cancer factors are existing in our lifestyle and the major factor is tobacco smoking.

Tobacco when it is burned is producing too many toxins. The major toxin which contributes to about 75% is NNK or Nicotine derived Nitrosamine Ketone.

Nicotine itself may not be a single factor that causes carcinoma but when it gets burned as in cigarette smoking it is converted to its ketone form the NNK which is highly carcinogenic.

The chemistry of nicotine converted to NNK:-

 The above-shown nicotine when burned or heated or treated with some chemicals such as nitrous acid (HONO) structurally changed as follows by opening its pyrrolidine ring into NNK which is represented by the structure given below 

                                  

The ketone at the end represented by (C---C==O)is a potent mutagen which attacks DNA molecule to misread its content to form irregular developments and forming cancerous tumors 

Tobacco smoke contains 75% NNK and the person who inhales the smoke is more in danger than the smoker himself.

Perhaps there is another carcinogen in tobacco smoke known as NNN (N-nitroso Nornicotine)which is also equally potent in producing cancer.

NNK is a mutagen hence it needs activation in our body to mutate the DNA.

Our liver contains many groups of enzymes one of which is the cytochrom450 which activates NNK to produce is harmful effects on DNA.

LUNG CANCER

From the above diagram note the difference between the normal and the diseased lungs.

Types of Lung Cancers

1. Large Cell Lung Carcinoma-it is the most common form of lung cancer. It is also known as squamous cell carcinoma or non-small cell carcinoma. It is slow in spreading or metastasis and easily treatable.

2. Small Cell Lung Carcinoma-it is uncommon and can spread rapidly make it difficult to treat.

3.Lung Carcinoid Tumor.-A rare form of lung cancer and the most dangerous which affects nerves and endocrines.

Symptoms

Early signs of lung cancer are silent and undetectable however in advance stage some of the following symptoms are evident.

1.Vocal change

2.Weakness

3.Tiredness

4.Frequent respiratory infections

5.Medically unresponsive chronic cough

6.Blood spitting during cough

7.Painful coughing with thick mucus which makes difficulty in swallowing.

8.Shortness of breath

9.Pain in bones

10.Weight loss

Causes

1.Prolonged exposure of our lungs to harmful carcinogens in smokes including tobacco smoking, radon radiation, etc

2. In immune compromising situations such as suffering from HIV infection, prolonged use of steroids, etc.

Complications

1.Difficulty in breathing due to pleural effusion or fluid accumulation in the respiratory pathway 

2. Spreading of cancer to other parts such as the brain and skeletal muscles through lymphatic circulation.

3.Mouth infections, tooth decay, dry tongue, etc.

4. Stomach upset, loose motion or constipation due to the disease spread into the digestive system 

Stages:-

0 stage:-it is just above the normal as still cancer not established but there are attacks on the DNA. The small bits of tumors appear on the inner linings of the alveoli but not still spread to the lymph nodes

Stage-1: The tumors grown into cancerous but still at the starting level and not spread.
Sage-2: The tumors at this stage develops further distinctively and still localized, and can be removed by surgery without complications 
Stage:3: The tumors grew further and can reach metastasis but still localized.
Stage-4: The tumors attain metastasis and spread to other parts especially to lymph nodes, followed by bones, visceral parts, and brain.

Treatments

1.When any one of the symptoms mentioned above such as vocal change, coughing with blood and thick mucus occurs go to a specialist and diagnose thoroughly.

2. Cessation of smoking is a must.

3. Usually there are no proper diagnostic methods to detect lung cancer in early stages. But treatments can be with chemotherapy and

antibiotics to control the early symptoms.

4. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is easily treatable as it is not usually spread to the brain.

5. Treatment is based on preventing irregular fusion of the DNA brands. This can be achieved by inhibiting a special gene protein known as Abnormal Fusion Protein. This is known as ALK Gene Rearrangements.

Three drugs namely Crizotinib ( Xalkori), Ceritinib (Zykadia), and Alcetinib (Alecensa)are developed to prevent the abnormal fusion protein.

 

HOW TO GET MORE IRON

IRON RICH FOODS

Iron is an important mineral our body needs to keep us healthy.

About 65% of our body iron is present in hemoglobin which is the boat used by the body to carry oxygen to the needed organs through blood circulation.

For this vital and critical oxygen transport hemoglobin must contain sufficient iron.

In simple words hemoglobin is a protein -iron complex.

Iron present in this complex is in ferrous (Fe++) form which then comes in contact with oxygen while blood circulates in the lungs during breath in the process the ferrous pick oxygen and become ferric (fe+++) iron.

When this oxygenated blood circulates in the peripheral organs it gives up its oxygen and the ferric return back to ferrous.

The rest of the iron is stored in the liver. 

Myoglobin is a protein iron complex which supply oxygen to the skeletal muscles for physical activities.

Iron is of two types.

1.Heme Iron.

2.Non-heme iron

Haem iron is very important which can be easily consumed by our body.

Animal meat is a full source of heme iron and may contain little nonheme iron also

Liver, red meat such as mutton, beef are good sources for heme iron

Similarly, white meat like seafood and chicken are also rich in heme iron.

Non-heme iron is mostly present in vegetable foods.

Our body is less likely to consume non-heme iron when compared with heme iron.
Hence those who are non-vegetarians are less likely to get iron-deficiency anemia and vise versa
Those who are vegetarians are very likely to get iron-deficiency anemia as their food contains non-heme iron which our body could not consume fully and easily.
These people should take periodical consumption of iron supplements as per doctor's advice.
There are some edibles which can make our body to easily assimilate food iron. They are vitamin C and Phytates
Vitamin C is enriched in all green vegetables, salads, and fruits such as oranges, berries, and tomatoes
Phytates are enriched in nuts such as cashew, walnut, and almonds.
Consuming these items after a meat or vegetable meal may help the body to consume and assimilate iron from the foods. Phytate containing nuts is better soaked or fermented before taking, otherwise, they may interfere with the iron consumption of body from the diet.
Drink an orange juice after a strong meal.
Conversely caffeine tannin and other tea contents disturb and reduce our body's ability of taking and consuming iron from food.
Hence avoid taking coffee or tea immediately after a strong meal at least within an hour gap.

Iron enriched food(Heme + Non-heme)

1.Beef
2.Mutton and any other red meat.
3.Chicken
4.Seafood like fishes and any other like white meat
5.Eggs
6.Poultry products.

Vegetarian Iron Supplements(Non-heme)

1.Beetroot

2.Dry fruits such as figs and apricots

3.Nuts

4.Seeds 

5.Soya beans

6.Potato molasses

7.Dark green vegetables and leaves such as broccoli, water crest, seaweeds, asparagus, and parsley.

Daily Individual Needs

1. Females aged between 19 -50 yrs =20mgs.

2. Males aged between   19 -50 yrs =10mgs 

3.Pregnant ladies                             = 30mgs

4.Breastfeeding ladies                    = 10mgs

Anemic Levels (WHO)

1.For female:- less than 119 gms per liter of the blood

2.For male:- less than 129 gms per liter of the blood

Symptoms of Anemia

1.Fatigue and Tiredness

2.Weakness and Dizziness

3.Pale skin

4.Irritability

5.Hair loss

6.Craving to eat sands, stone, bricks, and dirt

7.Leg restlessness

8.Brittle and pale nails

Iron Overload

This is a medical condition due to genetic disorder 

known as hemochromatosis in which the body absorbs more iron above the limit of its storing ability.

People who have this condition should avoid iron consumption should seek medical advice.

According to the National Institute for Health (NIH)

the daily intake of iron should not exceed 45 mg.

Symptoms of Iron Overload includes,

1.Stomach upset

2.Abdominal pain

3.Constipation

4.Faint.