WEIGHT CONTROL AND SLEEP AID-PART-II

PRESCRIPTION WEIGHT CONTROL DRUGS

In the previous post, we have seen some diet formulas available in the pharmacies as OTC weight control preparations.

When you buy these slimming formulas please be careful about their contents. Because high protein is very important to protect our vital body organs and functions.

The formula branded as "Last Chance Diet" marketed in the mid 70s in U.S.caused several deaths from cardiovascular complaints and the casualties is observed due to the lack of nitrogen balance because of the product's contents of poor quality protein formula.

By keeping these important points in later years high-quality protein formulas with some proportions of carbohydrates and fat like Optifast, Medifast, and Health Management Resources(HMR) are appearing in the market. Although these products are safe and free from fatalities as they supply daily 400 to 800 calories sufficient for our body, yet maintenance of weight loss over a long term use is still in question.

Slimfast and Ultraslimfast are high-quality protein food replacement formulas that appeared in the market in later years. These proved some successes as they replace one or two main meals of the day.

Prescription Medications

1.Amphetamine

2.Methamphetamine

3.Phenmetrazine.

All the above drugs are acting as slimming drugs by suppressing the hungry. Amphetamines are indirect adrenergic agonists by releasing norepinephrine from its stores at presynaptic nerve terminals

These medicines are no more in use because of their high potency of toxicities and drug abuse.

Drugs that are marketed later are:-

1.Phendimetrazine

2.Diethylpropion

3.Phentermine

4.Fenfluramine

These drugs too show little drug abuse but are allowed to use for short term purposes such as for not more than a few (8 to 12) weeks on medical prescription only. 

Similar to amphetamines these drugs also act by indirectly agonizing the adrenergic nervous system in a lesser degree, but has other routes of action too such as through CNS by suppressing safe center in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus  

Fenfluramine is acting through the serotonin pathway.

Side effects

1.Restlessness

2.Insomnia

3.Tremors

4.Tachycardia

5.Diarrhea

6.Nausea

7.Dry mouth 

8.Mydriasis

9.Drug abuse

In general, all the side effects are very similar to adrenergic stimulations and hence patients with cardiac arrhythmias and other cardiovascular problems should seek medical advice

For Long Term Uses

At last, a modified fenfluramine known as Dexfenfluramine is allowed by the FDA for chronic treatment of obesity on prescription. The drug suppresses the appetite and carbohydrate cravings by increasing the availability of serotonin in the brain which is safer than norepinephrine  

WEIGHT CONTROL AND SLEEP AIDS-PART-1

OBESITY TREATMENTS (OTC)-PART-1

Obesity is best defined as the surplus body fat that causes an increase in body weight by 20% of an individual's normal weight to be according to his height and BMI

People with overweight with a large abdomen are more likely in worse health than people who have fat distributed around their hips and limbs.

Waist measurement ratios of greater than0.95% in men and 0.80% women are with a greater chance of death rates.

Causes 

There is a medical belief that obesity is caused by ingesting more calories to the body than that the body can able to use it. The excess calories would be deposited as fat on the abdomen, hip, and limb.

Elevated Body Weight SetPoint

Some people who have this set point when they try to lose weight by fasting or low-calorie intake a compensatory adjustment in metabolism results in regaining their weight back. Hence even if these people are taking less food or fasting they cannot lose their instead it may increase.

Heredity

Another point is heredity which is an important factor as a cause of obesity. Anyone member of the family was obese the gene will be carried out to his or her descendants.

Food cues

Obese people are more responsive to food cues such as taste, smell, and sight of food.

Pathology

Many studies show that obesity can cause hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and osteoarthritis.

Women who gained 30 to 50 kg weight by her age at 18 may have a minimum 25% chance of getting a heart attack.

People who are 20% or more above their ideal body weight are having more chances to suffer the following disorders;-

1.Amenorrhea

2.CHF

3.Cancers of cervix,endometrium,colon,gallbladder,prostate and uterus.

4.Coronary Heart diseases such as Angina and MI

5.Diabetes Mellitus

6.Fatty liver

7.Gallbladder disease

8.Hirsutism

9.Hypertension

10.Hypertriglyceridemia

11.Respiratory tract infections

12.Varicose veins

The risks of obesity can be better determined by the ideal weight and the Body Mass Index(BMI)

The BMI can be easily calculated by the following formulas

1. Weight in kgs is divided by the squared height in meters

2. Weight in pounds multiplied by 700 is divided by squared height in inches

Researches show that the overall risk of developing heart disease is related to BMI as follows:-

1.BMI of 25 or less--Low risk

2.BMI of 25 -30  - Low to Moderate

3.BMI above 30-- High

Programs

1. A weight loss goal of 1-2 lbs per week is appropriate

2. To lose 1lb per week can be achieved by expending 3500 by work or decrease calorie intake by 3500 during that week.

3. For example, a patient who normally intakes 4000 calories per day must decrease his daily intake by 500 calories per day so that in one week he can decrease his calorie intake by 7x500=3500.

Balanced diets with calories derived from carbohydrates, protein, and fat are optimal. The fat calorie intake should be minimized by 30 % from less than 10% saturated fat.

Fat contains 9 calories per gram

Carbohydrates and proteins contain 6 calories per gram.

Fewer calorie diets (300-800) can help but with proper intake of proteins in order to maintain the Lean Body Mass.

During this procedure, patients should watch for electrolyte imbalance, postural hypotension, and ECG abnormalities

Formula Diets are available at OTC of the pharmacies such as Slimfast  which contains high proteins.

These preparations are instructed to take full mealtime by replacing it. When you replace the full meals once or twice per day by these formula diets your body gets the least calories per day. Most of these preparations contain high-quality proteins with no carbohydrates and fats.

Exercises are also can help to shed some weight.

 

DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY

END STAGE KIDNEY DAMAGE-DM-ESKD

Our body's metabolic and other wastes are excreted out by various means. But a major chunk especially the protein metabolic wastes such as Blood Urea Nitrogens and Creatinin which should be cleaned out 100% from our blood are excreted by kidneys. If kidneys are not functioning properly these deadly poisonous wastes will remain in our blood to produce a fatality.

Kidney damages are of two types such as Acute or reversible and Chronic or irreversible. Chronic Kidney Damages (CKD) and End-Stage Kidney Damages (ESKD) are the major causes of Diabetic mortality.

Chronic and improperly managed hyperglycemia is one of the major causes of nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of ESKD.

A nephron is one of the million basic units by which our two kidneys are composed and made of.

In brief, a nephron is composed of a capsule-like structure known as the Bowman's Capsule which forms the head as in the figure above. Inside the capsule, there is a meshwork of tiny blood vessels known as the Glamerulus through which the blood is filtered off.

The Bowman's Capsule descends downwards to a tubule known as the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) through which the filtrate passes and subjected to various proportions of reabsorptions and secretions.

The proximal tubule further descends down to a small loop like a narrow U tube known as Loop of Henley which has no activities on the filtrate. The loop again ascends to form the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in which again there are certain proportions of reabsorptions and secretions on the filtrate.

Finally, the filtrate after subjected to various reabsorptions and secretions to form the final shape to form the urine and will be guided to pass through the collecting duct followed by the ureter which leads to the urinary bladder.

These units are by God's Grace present in each kidney many and many and approximately one million nephrons are present in each kidney. More than a certain proportion of these units if they get damaged irreversibly by some diseases such as DM and Hypertension the result is the ESKD.

Diabetic nephropathy is a slowly progressing disease with no symptoms in the beginning but if unattended properly with longstanding mismanagement of DM the disease progresses to the final stage of ESKD. Fortunately, the progression is slow and may take hardly 10 to 15 years.

The nephropathy is caused by the damages in the glomerular filter barrier (GFB) a fine meshwork of small tiny blood vessels to carry blood. Diabetes mainly damages these tiny blood vessels by improper glucose metabolism and by forming toxic active oxidative products. It is classified as small blood vessel complications of diabetes.

Signs and Symptoms

During its early course, the nephropathy is mostly asymptomatic. As the disease progress slowly and the symptoms appear after 10 to 15 years when the progression attains ESKD.These ESKD symptoms are as follows:-

1.Tiredness

2.Headaches

3.General feelings of illness

4.Nausea and Vomiting

5.Frequent urine

6.Lack of hungry

7.Itchy skin

8.Leg swelling.

If anyone of the above symptoms are present please check for albuminuria, BUN, and creatinine.

Major Causes

1.Long-standing Diabetes Mellitus (especially type-1.)

2.Long-standing Hypertension

3.Heavy smoking

4.Family history of kidney problems

Mechanism

Diabetes causes an imbalance of glucose metabolism and damage blood vessels by producing toxic oxidative chemicals.

As we already knew the head of the nephrons is composed of a fine blood filtering meshwork made out of tiny blood vessels known as Glomerular Filter Barrier (GFB) which will allow only water and small molecules through the meshwork to be filtered off by leaving large protein molecules like albumin, and microalbumin, and lipids to stay in the blood itself.

As nephropathy progresses this glomeruli meshwork also progressively undergo damages and the filter processes become improper by tearing off the meshwork so that albumin and other large molecules also will be filtered off.

Diagnosis

1. Albumin and microalbumin tests in the urine may show their presence  (Normal value for albumin is <30mg/24 hrs;

The normal range for microalbumin is 30 -299 mg/24 hrs)

If clinically the total albumin presence exceeds 300mg/24 hrs then it is concluded that there is nephropathy.

People with DM are recommended to undergo the albumin test in the urine annually with an immediate beginning of test if diagnosed positively for type-2 diabetes because the onset of the disease is not well established in the beginning, and begin after five years in case of type-1 diabetes.

To test the kidney function the established glomerular filter rate (eGFR) should be measured by the 24-hour collection of urine.

The normal range is 90 - 120ml/min/1.73square meter 

Treatments

The aim of the treatment is to slow down the disease progression and to reduce the related complications

The drugs of choice are the hypertensive group of medicines the Angiotensin Converter Enzyme Inhibitors such as enalapril, captopril, and benazepril.

Angiotensin-II is a polypeptide that playing an important role in regulating total peripheral resistance(TPR) and altering kidney functions. 

Renin an enzyme secreted by the kidneys acts on a kind of plasma protein the angiotensinogen when blood enters into the glomeruli to form angiotensin-I. Another enzyme is known as angiotensin-converting enzyme acts on it and converting it into angiotensin-II. This is the active form of regulating kidney functions. It causes in distal tubule to increase the reabsorption of sodium with the exchange of potassium through a hormone known as vasopressin so that more concentrated urine formed.

ACE inhibitors prevent the formation of this substrate and alter the process by eliminating more sodium out and ease the blood pressure and protect the kidney to function normally.

To see the video of top delicious fruits can be taken safely by diabetics, please click 

To download the thorough illustrative article regarding diabetes please click 

   

 

DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

DIABETIC NERVE DAMAGES

We have already seen in our first post that what is diabetes mellitus (DM) and how it is developing and all other basics of its pathology and therapeutics.

Here we will see one of the DM's major complications the Diabetic Neuropathy which affects almost all parts of our body that are innervated.

Our entire body system needs energy for its daily activities. Our body gets its energy 100% from the burning of glucose a carbohydrate within each cell of all tissues including neuronal tissues of our body.

Glucose metabolism is basically regulated and maintained by a hormone known as insulin from the pancreatic beta islets of our body.

Lack of insulin impairs glucose metabolism and the cells would become depleted of energy, tired, and die. The tissues would be damaged and become ischemic.

These complications mostly happened in nerve tissues during DM and the result is Diabetic Neuropathy, the nerve damages of diabetes.

Normally the peripheral nerves are blood supplied by very small arteries known as vasa-nervorum. Diabetes damages and narrowing these arteries and thereby block the blood supply to the nerves.

Types of Conditions Associated With DN

1.Third nerve palsy

The third cranial nerve and its branches are supplied to our oculomotor system (Eye system)

Any damage to these third cranial nerves will affect the eye movements. The affected individual will feel difficult to move his eyes.

2.Mononeuropathy

In this condition, anyone nerve supply to the peripheral organ or part of our body is affected and that will result in loss of movement, sensation, and other functions of that nerve. The nerve is mostly supplied to outside the brain and spinal cord and hence it is known as peripheral neuropathy.

Mononeuropathy may affect any part of the peripheral organs or parts of the body leads to loss of sensations, weakness, paralysis, tingling, burning pain, and abnormal sensations.

3.Mononeuropathy multiplex 

In this condition as in mononeuropathy there instead of one nerve, there are two or three nerves are damaged.

4.Diabetic Amyotrophy

 Also known as lumbosacral-radiculoplexes-neuropathy, or femoral neuropathy. It is a polyneuropathy involved by many nerves supplied to the peripheral parts. This is the most common type among the other diabetic neuropathies which affects thighs, hips, buttocks, and legs. The symptoms are painful muscles, muscle wasting, and muscle weakness. It commonly occurs in type-2 DM patients.

The common symptoms start all of the sudden onsets with mild pain in the buttocks, hip, and thighs first on one side of the body followed by increased severity and then affect both sides. These symptoms develop and finally affect the lower limbs so that the patient cannot sit to stand or stand to sit without assistance.

5.Autonomic Neuropathy

In this, the nerve damages are extended to the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) which controls our body's vital organs such as heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and various other involuntary organs.

The symptoms are similar to autonomic deficiencies such as orthostatic hypotension or postural hypotension in which you feel the lower tension during when you change the position from sitting to standing.

Other symptoms are Dry mouth, Tachycardia, Tunnel vision, Difficulty swallowing, Bowel incontinence, Blurred vision, Urinary incontinence, Constipation, Anhydrosis, Sexual problems. In simple, there is adrenergic hyperactivity.

General Symptoms of DN

1.The trouble with balance while standing or walking

2.Numbness and tingling of extremities

3.Desensthesia, abnormal sensation to a body part.

4.Diarrhea

5.Erectile problems

6.Urinary incontinence

7.Facial and eye movement difficulties

8.Vision changes

9.Dizziness

10.Muscle weakness

11.Difficulty in swallowing

12.Speech difficulties

13.Retrograde ejaculation(ejaculation into the bladder instead of the urethra)

14. Face muscle twitching.

Treatments

Treatments are primarily the treatment for the DM-Type-2 followed by other symptoms control by 

1.Tricyclic antidepressants to releive pain,e.g.Amitryptylin;imipramin 

2.Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrin Reuptake Inhibitors(SSNRI) for pain releiving,e.g.venlafaxine,duloxetine

3.Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors SSRI),e.g.fluoxetin,paroxetin

4.Anti epileptic drugs,e.g.Pregabalin,and Gabapentin 

COITAL TIME TABLE FOR CONCEPTION

TIMETABLE FOR COITUS TO CONCEIVE

This post is meant to help the couple who want to have a child. The following time table may help them provided that if their variable health conditions are otherwise normal.

Any couple at least a minimum of five years after the marriage if they do not conceive then they can come to a decision to seek medical help.

Basically, all pregnancies from fertilization to deliveries are all according to the ultimate decision and will of the Almighty. We must basically accept this. Life and Death are in his hand and up to his wish. But our responsibility is to try and leave it in the hand of God. Accept both the ends of success and failure are all for our good and benefits. 

A pregnancy starts with the fertilization of a mature ovum by the sperm. There are many variables that can affect pregnancy. Age, health,  lifestyles, climate, mental cooperation, and various other factors are all affecting the probability of conceiving in each cycle. Our control of these factors is person to person vary.

The factor most importantly that you have to control is the time programmed frequencies of coitus or intercourse.

As we have already known that the menstrual cycle is made of three phases such as the follicular phase, the ovulation phase and the luteal phase. Among this, the ovulation phase is the important one to be noted exactly as it lasts for only one day and the life cycle of an ovum is only 24 hours. But God helps us in another way by giving a lifetime to a male sperm about 72 to 120 hours that means approximately a sperm can live about 3 to 5 days in the healthy cervical fluids while an ovum lives for only 24 hours.

A fertile window is the days during which if intercourse performed may have a high probability to result in conception. The 5+1 (more exactly the 3+1) is the total lifetime of the sperm and the ovum and that is the fertile window's duration. Hence your time table of intercourse should be within these 6 days of the fertile window

More illustratively an intercourse performed roughly before 5 days and more exactly before 3 days of the ovulatory phase may have a high possibility of pregnancy.

On the contrary, if intercourse performed one day before or exactly on the day of ovulation may have a higher possibility to get pregnant.

The fertile window duration is very important. But this may vary depending upon any one of the life partner's health conditions. 

In short, the pregnancy is technically possible if intercourses are performed during the 6 (and most probably 3)days duration of the fertile window.

The chances of pregnancy are increased by multiple intercourses during these days provided your health and sperm counts are normal or higher as the frequencies of intercourses on the same day may reduce the number of sperms in the ejaculate.

To find out the exact time of ovulation and to calculate the fertile window duration is a myth as it is varying according to the individual's variables such as age, weight, BMI, food and so on

One possible indicator is the temperature rise at the time of ovulation. But it is a challenge as at the time when it was felt and expressed by our body to note by us, the time of the fertile window may already be passed.

To find out the fertile window in advance prospectively is finding the early signs of ovulation by examining the cervical fluid. The cycle statistics such as a noted time of ovulation in the previous cycle can also help.

But in a retrospective way, the method is simple. Once a clear and sustained temperature change is identified and ovulation is detected in your chart, you can see that your fertile window occurred during the six days prior to the thermal shift and your most frequent fertile days are three days prior to the shift.

But once you see the shift as we already saw, it is almost the fertile window has passed. Hence by keeping the above calculation as the base to have a trial and error method in several cycles will give an exact sense of knowledge to find out the fertile window.

Conclusively the intercourse must be accordingly programmed and timetabled.

Most of the ovulations are happening at the midcycle that means from 12th to 14th day. If the intercourses are programmed from the 10th day for every alternative day up to 16th day or from the day at which more LH are detectable in the cervical fluid and in urine may be a convenient time table for coital fertility. See the following videos

But everything is according to God's wish.

The following video may explain our body's readiness for fertilization

The healthy foods for good to get a conception

Please any comment on this subject you are warmly welcome in order to improve my knowledge and this site. Thanking you.

FUTURE OPTIONS OF BIRTHCONTROL

CONTRACEPTION-FUTURE OPTIONS

There are several options of contraceptives studied in order to minimize the size of the dosages, frequency of the dosages, and the side effects. The major purpose of the future options also includes increasing the maximal benefits with a minimal dose or dosage frequencies, and the side effects.

Accordingly, the researches invent a synthetic hormone replicating the brain hormone Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone which 144 times more powerful than the natural parent compound. Even though in micro dosages this drug is found as a curative for infertility yet this hormone is under research in the suitably modified dose for birth control.

The hormone is acting on the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and shortening it, and the follicular phase is elongated and the ovulation delayed. Before ovulation happened these hormones act on the uterus to develop the endometrium and other preparation to receive the ovum which actually not present at the tube. When ovulation happened the luteal phase comes to an endpoint so that the endometrium degenerate, and the uterus becomes hostile to the coming ovum, the implantation disturbed, and the menses starts.

The powerful hormone needs a micro dosage and effects will last for longer periods. Yet the disadvantage is its side effects.

Another option researched by Alabama University Researchers Norethindrone, a progestin enclosed in microcapsules for injection which can timely release the medicines from the tiny capsules. Still, it is under consideration.

The abortive drug mifepristone is also on the line of consideration as in modified dosage it is found that it can delay ovulation.

MALE CONTRACEPTION VASECTOMY

VASECTOMY

Vasectomy is an invasive method of male contraception.In his method by using a surgical operation a small incision is made at the two vasa deferentia which carries the sperm from the two epididymis of the testicles to he ejaculatory duct in anticipation to the act of ejaculation.Afer the incision the ends of the vas ducts are tied firmly to closure so that they cannot transport sperm to ejaculatory tubes.

The above picture shows the two vas ducts indicated by the two arrows from either epididymis of the testes.

In vasectomy operations the surgeon cut the tubes by incision and tie off or clamped or sealed off the tubes so that they cannot carry sperm from the testes.The operation is simple and sure.

It causes no change in hormone production and sex desires unless if he feels and depressed psychologically that he is castrated.

After vasectomy the man can carry on his usual sexual activities with his partner satisfactorily with proper erection clmax and ejaculation.But his ejaculation contains only semen the secretions of seminal vesicles and prostate without a single sperm.But this may take several months after the vasectomy because there are already produced and transported sperms are stored in the seminal vesicles which can be ejaculated with the semen and they can still make the female partner to become pregnant.Hence even after the vasectomy one should use condoms or other means of birth control until a test of ejaculate does not contains a single sperm.

The Procedure :-

 

1.Before the procedure started the area is shaved and cleaned

2.A sedative will be given orally so that the patient can sleep inorder to relieve from the trauma

3.A local anesthetic will be injected into the scrotum 

4.Each vas deferens can be located by touch.

5.Doctor will make two small incision at the areas on the scrotum.

6.Through the openings the two vasa deferentia are pulled out sufficiently and cut by scissors and sealed or stretched together of by heat applied by electrocution.The scars formed by the heat helps firm sealing.

7.After this the two ducts will be inserted back into the scrotum and the mouth of the incision would be stretched off.

The whole procedure would take hardly 20 to 45 minutes.

Even after the vasectomy the testes can able to produce sperm but all will be absorbed by the body.

Until recently it is beleived that vasectomy is an irreversible method of contraception and a man who underwent vasectomy is sterile for life.

But modern technologies are improved so that vasectomy can be reversed by surgical methods as the above video illustrates

The following videos also shows the vasectomy reversals