DRUG DELIVERY TO BRAIN-A SAFER WAY

SAFER WAY TO DELIVER DRUG INTO CNS

                                  

                                                     Blood-Brain Barrier or simply abbreviated as BBB is the protective layer surrounds the brain to prevent harmful chemicals enter from the system into the brain.

The barrier is made out of thick endothelial cells that surround the microcapillaries supplied to the brain. These endothelial lining of the microcapillaries are not only protecting the brain system from harmful materials enter into it and also maintaining and regulating reliable nerve signals into the microenvironment of the CNS.
                                   There are three barriers between the blood and the CNS namely the BBB, which is the barrier between the blood and the brain interstitial fluid, the choroid plexus epithelium between the blood and ventricular CSF, and the arachnoid epithelium between the blood and the subarachnoid CSF. Of these BBB exerts the strongest control over the immediate microenvironment of the brain cells.
                         

In simple terms the BBB is composed of 1)The endothelium of the brain capillaries;2)Extracellular base membrane of the brain;3)Adjoining pericytes:4)Astrocytes; and 5)microglial cells.
Hence in general the brain is well protected by BBB.
But in another sense this strongest formidable barrier poses a great hindrance to delivering a needful medication such as medications to treat brain tumors, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease to the brain. Any trial to deliver medicine through the CSF would be flushed out and drained back into the blood.
Hence on an experimental basis the scientists used long wave low-frequency UV pulse radiations to push the medicine into the brain system successfully. But this causes nervous damages and a permanent hole at the BBB. Moreover a long wave low-frequency UV sound pulse radiation needs prolonged radio exposure to the brain tissue which causes many side effects because of unnecessary large protein molecules such as albumin and microbes enters into the brain along with the drug.
A team of scientists at the Imperial College of London, lead by Dr.James Choi, have studied about the use of Short wave UV pulses in mice models and the result is published in the Journal Radiology
They found that the use of Short wave UV sound pulses is having a huge beneficiary efficacious effects over the long wave low-frequency UV pulses.
Short wave UV pulses need less time and do not give chances to the entry of extra materials other than the drugs. The drug is injected as microbubbles into the blood and when it reaches at the site of action the BBB, the short wave UV pulses causes the bubble to enlarge and pushes and open the BBB little by little and entered into it and make the BBB close immediately within 10 minutes and thereby prevent the entry of unwanted molecules. Hence there is minimum tissue damage.
These are major advantages of short wave UV sound pulses over the use of long-wave low-frequency UV sound pulses that need longer exposure.
Still the trial is on an experimental basis now it is critical to say when the system will be conducted on human models.
Conclusion:-
Since there are many modern drugs has been synthesized to cure Alzheimer's Disease, and brain cancers but still they could not be effectively used because of the forbidding construction of the BBB
NB:-
ABBREVIATIONS:-
CNS----Central Nervous System
BBB----Blood-Brain Barrier
UV ---- Ultra Violet
CSF----Cerebro Spinal Fluid

MEDICAL BITS-7

1.FECAL TRANSPLANTATIONS:-

New research has suggested that transplanting stools with balanced gut microbial flora from a healthy person called "super donor" to an unhealthy person can have many curative effects from Irritable Bowel Syndrome to Alzheimer's Syndrome.

In this way even diabetes can be safely cured.

The research is even though still in a Lab test level in rodents a few tests have been done with human models successfully.

Many studies are going on about the possibility of curing many diseases with balancing gut microbiome.

The studies have shown many evidenced links between cancers, diabetes, obesity, depression, allergies, IBS, cardiovascular diseases, and traumatic stress disorders with imbalanced gut bacterial flora. This imbalance is technically known as Dysbiosis.
Researches have proved that dysbiosis is in many ways linked with allergies, irritable bowel syndrome, and heart, and vascular disease.
A recent research study report revealed that there are many connections between the gut bacterial flora and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's Syndrome.
The important highlight of these studies is there are people with healthy gut bacterial flora which contains the so-called bacterial "KETONE SPECIES" which are the microbial species that produce protective chemicals such as butyrate without which the body cannot maintain its immunity.

2.LEFT BRAIN vs RIGHT BRAIN

Recently some researches from the Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, in Germany have studied the competing dominance of the left and right hemispheres of the brain to overtake the other. They concluded that the process is common in the whole animal kingdom including the insects. They have published there reports in the journal Cell Reports.

The technique is known as Lateralization of the Brain Functions
A detailed one example is the language expertise such as grammar, vocabulary, and literal meaning are typically lateralized to the left half of the brine to all right-handed people which is normal
But these experts are lateralized 50:50 to the two halves or 90% into the right half of the brine to all left-handed people.

3.BASOPHILS

Basophils are kind of white blood cells (WBC) produced by the bone marrow.

Basophils play an important role to keep our body immunity to function correctly.

If basophil levels are below normal that indicates allergies developed in the body.

If basophil levels are above normal then there is an over the function of the autoimmune system with some blood disorders.

Basophils are a kind of granulocytes like neutrophils and eosinophils.

The granules inside the basophils produce certain important chemicals such as histamine and heparin that cause allergies, and inflammations.

The functions of basophils are to produce allergic reactions to resist  harmful allergen invaded in our body 

Also heparin is helpful as a blood thinner to prevent clotting and ensure smooth blood circulation.

Usually granulocytes are at a low level in normal conditions. The normal blood basophil level is around 0.4 to 0.6 percent of the total WBC count.

Their level rises when the body tries to resist an invading allergen to eliminate.

Hence when doctors test for a total WBC count by which if the result showed an abnormal rise in granulocytes levels such as basophils, neutrophils, or eosinophils then it means there are some underlying chronic disorders in our body such as allergies, asthma, and other inflammatory conditions.

High levels of Basophils (Basophilia) indicates the following disorders:-

1.Rheumatoid Arthritis

2.Lupus

3.Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Crohn's Syndrome

4.Diabetes Mellitus

5.Asthma and other inflammatory allergic conditions.

6.Hypothyroidism

4.ALT BLOOD TESTS

This is a kind of blood test to find out the liver function 

1.ALT or ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE is one of the vital enzymes produced in the liver. The enzyme breakdown proteins into minute small amino acid molecules to help our body to utilize them easily.

2.ALT helps the liver to produce bile in order to assimilate fat by the body.

3.ALT helps the liver to filter out toxins from the blood.

4.ALT helps our body to store nutrients and iron.

Usually most of the ALT is present in the liver. But a damaged liver releases ALT into the blood.

Hence an abnormal rise of ALT in the blood indicates there is a liver disease.

Comprehensive metabolic panel tests include glucose test, liver test, and kidney test which is a routine health test which can be done by any individual to check his overall health in a lab.

But an ALT test should be performed if the Doctor doubts about the kidney function if the patient has the following symptoms:-

1.Jaundice

2.Upper Abdominal Pain (Right Side)

3.Pain at the right shoulder

4.Easy bruising or bleeding

5.Itching

6.White or pale-colored stools

7.Abdominal or foot swelling

These symptoms are usually to indicate the following liver morbidities:-

1.Hepatitis

2.Non-alcoholic fatty liver

3.Liver Cirrhosis

4.Celiac Disease (An immune reaction to Gluten)

5.Thyroid dysfunction

6.Infections like sepsis and mononucleosis

7.Wilson's Disease (Disorder in Copper Metabolism)

8.Polymyositis (Muscle tissue damage)

9.Liver Cancer

A healthy liver may indicate a normal range of ALT in the blood as follows:

Male     ----  8 to 60 units per liter

Females have a lower upper limit.

Age can affect the normal range.

Including the above list, the following disorders also raise the ALT
1.Liver cell damage

2.Insufficient liver blood circulation

3.Hemochromatosis or iron buildup at the liver

4.Mononucleosis (Epstein Barr viral infection)

5.Pancreatitis.

5.FOOD ADDITIVES

Food additives such as emulsifiers in bakery and confectionaries are used by the manufacturers to keep the food items in well-textured and last for longer periods in other words to extend their shelf life.

Emulsifiers are very common in biscuits, chocolates, processed meats, and many more.

Now researches on additives especially emulsifiers draws fires.

Recent research on mice shown that emulsifiers destroy gut bacterial flora and cause inflammations in mice.

The research continues to show that chronic ingestion of packed food items can cause obesity, and metabolic disorders because of their added additives especially the emulsifiers.

6.PARKINSON DISEASE(P.D) AND TOBACCO

It is surprising to note that smoking with tobacco is reducing the prevalence of Parkinson's Disease to about 40%. Thus the medical profession is shocked at the beneficial effect of smoking to reduce P.D. prevalence.

Usually pandemic diseases are infectious diseases that can spread by physical contacts or any other communications from one person to another person by the microbes.

But non-infectious diseases such as Diabetes and P.D are also pandemic because of the changes in atmosphere and lifestyle.

In 1850 only 22 people died in the U.K out of P.D.

But today according to the estimation of the National Institute Of Health (NIH) half a million people live with the disease in U.S.alone.

How and Why?

The scientists surprisingly revealed the truth that it is because tobacco smoking is considerably reduced to about 50% which has the inverse effect on the prevalence of P.D

7. IMMUNITY CHAOS TO PREVENT DISEASES

Recent research findings published in the journal Nature Communication revealed that panic swings in some protein concentrations alert the body to prepare protection against certain diseases like cancers and diabetes.

The protein is named as Nuclear Factor-kB (NF-kB).

These proteins activate the gene by its ups and down fluctuations and thereby correcting and inhibiting the signaling pathway proteins in order to suppress the proliferation of cancer cells.

8.MACROPHAGE PROTECTION AGAINST CANCER

Macrophages are kind of white blood cells that are designated to eat unwanted cells such as dangerous foreign bodies bacteria and cell debris.

Cancer cells cheat this system by sending a message "don't eat me" through a special protein called CD47 to the macrophages and thereby escapes from eaten up by the WBC.

Researchers from the Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, have found out a method to prevent the cheating of the tumor cells to the macrophages by the method of macrophage priming.

They found that simply inhibiting CD47 is not working. Hence they discovered the method of priming the macrophage

In this method in a mouse model they injected a short stranded synthetic DNA molecule known as CpG along with a CD47 inhibitor.

It worked well as along with CpG molecule and the CD47 inhibitor the macrophages are stimulated well to ignore the "don't eat me" signal by the cancer cells and they effectively attack the tumor cells and destroy them.

9.INSOMNIA

Researchers at the Netherlands Institute Of Neuroscience have found out that there are 5 sub-types of insomnia each differs with their personality traits, the risk for depression, brain activity, and response to treatments.

A study paper has been published in the journal Lancet Psychiatry

Dr.Tessa Blanken of the Department of Sleep and Cognition has told that "while we have always considered insomnia is a single disorder, it actually represents 5 subtypes of disorders"
These 5 types differ in personality traits, the risk for depression, brain activity, and response to treatments.
Still treatments for insomnia is inconsistent because these subtypes are not well recognized.

10.SOFT DRINKS HARM KIDNEYS

A newer hypothesis has been developed by the scientists at the University of Buffalo in Newyork by sample test conducted on a small sample group consists of 16 persons. The study has been published in The American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, and Integrative and Comparative Physiology

16 persons were subjected to run on the treadmill for about 30 minutes followed by a 15-minute labor work under a hot sun in paddy fields.

After these 45 hours of hard work in hot weather after a relax for 15 minutes some of them were given soft citrus drinks with high fructose and caffeine and soda bicarbonate and the rest were only water.
After at least one week the participants returned and performed the routine work once again and this time those who drank soft drinks were given to drink only water and wise versa.

Tests were conducted before, immediately after, and after 24 hours after the session for various parameters, such as body weight, B.P., heart rate, and core body temperature.

They found that there is an increased level of creatinine and reduced glomerular filtrate, in the recently soft drink consumed the group. These two parameters are markers of Acute Kidney Insufficiency (AKI)
AKI is normal and no harm during and immediately after physical exercise due to reduced renal blood flow to retain sodium and water in order to keep up our body temperature and B.P normally. The kidney function is reduced mildly during physical exercise with some dehydration.
But the study has shown that soft caffeinated and carbonated soda drinks actually deepen the dehydration further instead of rehydrating our body.
It is very safe to drink water only while you feel thirsty and dehydrated.

MEDICAL BITS-6

SOME USEFUL BITS

1)  Risk Factors Control     
 Controlling 7 risk factors for maintaining a healthy heart can also reduce the risk of developing Type-2 diabetes.
The risk factors are 1.Smoking Factor
                                2.Physical Activities
                                3.weight
                                4.Food
                                5.Blood Glucose
                                6.Cholesterol
                                7.Blood Pressure
The above risk factors mentioned above are modifiable by proper controls.
At least a man has to control any 5 of the above factors can be within the safe circle from getting heart problems and diabetes

2) Alzheimer's Disease   (AD)      
Alzheimer's Disease is the severe form of dementia caused by the damage of brain cells by an irregular build-up of a protein called beta-amyloid. A modified form of blood C-Protein known as 3K3A-APC which has been tested as brain cells protective factor in several pathological conditions like multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury in mice successfully.This modified protein which a 90% reduced anticoagulant activity from its parent protein also now under trial as blood cells protective from the amyloid build up and give some hope as a preventive or prophylactic against AD
A lack of deep sleep in the old age may sometimes be an indicator of the development of AD.
Research led by Dr.Sabrina Islamoska et.al from the Dept.of Public Health at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark has revealed that Stress has a strong link with AD and may raise the risk. 
3.Bone Broth
A recent study has shown the health benefits of Bone Broth.
Bone broth is a soup made by slow boiling of bones and connective tissues.
It has been well proved that bone broth soup is good for health.
When preparing the soup a little vinegar should be added while the bones are boiling to release all its beneficial proteins.
4.Borax
Borax is a naturally occurring mineral which is chemically a sodium salt of boric acid(Sodium tetraborate)
It is commonly used as a household cleaning agent
Also, it is used in cosmetics, like detergents soaps, and talc.
Some people use it as children's toys such as homemade slimes without knowing its harmful side effects. If children ingest it the following side effects can occur:-
1.Diarrhea
2.Shock
3.Vomit
4.Death.
So beware of a smile made out of borax while giving to your child as a toy.
5.The Gut Bacterial Flora
The human gut is having a surface area of approximately 300 to 400 sq.meter which is one of the largest interfaces between the human body and the environment.
Around 50 metric tons of food passing through the human G.I tract in an average life span.
This includes a huge quantity of microorganisms passing through the gut which sometimes could be life-threatening.
Healthy human babies have good gut bacterial flora which may protect them from developing allergies to various food including cow's milk.
An earlier study by Dr.Nagler et.al has found that the presence of caccae a bacteria belongs to the family of clostridium in the gut prevents allergy to nuts.
From this, they conclude that  the metabolic products of the healthy microbiome can be used to produce drugs to relieve food allergies
6.Aging And Hydrogen Sulphide
Interesting research by scientists from the University of Exeter, in the U.K, has inched us a little closer to understand the aging process. The study has found out that the chemical Hydrogen Sulphide can retard the aging process. They discovered the mitochondrial or the organelles that supply the power to the cells to grow. The power is in the form of a minute dose of hydrogen sulfide to the mitochondria which in turn gives the power boost to the senescence cells to grow.
Aging is technically known as senescence.
Cells that are aging and with reduced growth are known as senescent cells.
Mitochondria are the rod-shaped organelles that are functioning as the powerhouse of the cell. They convert oxygen, phosphorous, and other nutrients into Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) which is the energy by reduction into Adenosine Di Phosphate (ADP) for the cell to grow.
On aging Mitochondria becomes less active and eventually the cells retard to grow. Almost all organs and parts of our body are made out of cells with mitochondrial
Averagely each and every cell contains about 2000 to 4000 mitochondria. Liver cells contain the maximum.
There are two proteins known as the splicing or triggering factors such as SRSF2 and HNRNPD 
Scientists have found that these proteins are linked with cellular changes during aging.
The scientists designed three compounds known as AP39, AP123, and RT01 which would deliver a trace quantity of hydrogen sulfide gas into the cell mitochondria and thereby fires up the splicing factor to boost cell growth.
For this research a small samples of cells from the inside endothelial layers of the blood vessels.
The study yielded encouraging results that have been published in the magazine AGING.
People should not be confused with the idea that hydrogen sulfide is a healthy gas for inhalation.
This is purely a Lab Experiment.
Hydrogen sulfide is a poisonous gas and not to be inhaled.
7.Breast Cancer
The latest research at the University of Basel in Switzerland has proved that in breast cancer the metastasis (spreading) of the diseased cell can be prevented by transforming them into fat cells in mice. For this process they used Rosiglitazone an anti-diabetic drug with a MEK inhibitor such as Arcitgenin.
 8.Exercise
The research that appeared in the European Heart Journal describes that regular exercise can reduce the risks of heart attack, liver failure, and many vascular problems. They also found that regular exercise can boost peripheral utilization of insulin by the tissues and thereby cure insulin resistance.
9.Dental Floss
It has been proved that regular dental flossing may lead to the regular exposure of our body to a dangerous chemical such as Poly Fluro Alkyl Substances (PFAS)
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), frequent exposure of our body to PFAS may lead to serious health problems such as high cholesterol, kidney, and testicular cancer, and thyroid defects.
10.Fasting
Recently a group of scientists from the University of California has studied the health effects of intermittent fasting on our circadian rhythms

SLOW POISONING?-IS THAT A CLEVER WAY TO KILL PERSON?

ARE STEROIDS HARMFUL?

                                     The concept of slow poisoning to kill a person is different from killing a person by poisoning. Killing a person by poisoning is blindfold, and involves obsessive feelings but on the contrary slow poisoning involves cleverness and waiting for the person to die normally in due course and making the death appear natural.
But an autopsy can reveal the truth in both cases.
Usually, an autopsy is performed when the death occurred in a doubtful situation. This happens in normal poisoning which brings immediate death of an otherwise healthy young or old victim.
But in slow poisoning, an autopsy is unusual as the death may not be immediate, and appears natural.
For poisoning, the killer always uses deadly poisons like cyanides, insecticides, and any other dangerous drugs.
But in the case of slow poisoning, the killer does not need any dangerous chemical or poisonous drug. A normal water and table salt can be fatal
to any kidney patient if he is overdosed by that.
Paracetamol a common pain killer used to relieve headaches and fever by common people could be fatal if overdosed and prolonged overuse. Its daily limit is 4 grams.
Every time when someone consumes paracetamol a 10% of it is converted by the liver to form a dangerous metabolite known as N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NABQI), which is a liver poison. It will damage the liver cells. But luckily this is detoxified by an antioxidant known as glutathione present in the liver. But an extra overuse of paracetamol can overact the glutathione and thereby damage the liver.
White sugar and sweets are all dangerous to a sugar patient if he is not protected by proper medications 
Allergens,  that are allergic to a person can kill that person not immediately but in due course, if he is continuously exposed to that allergen.
Now our question is can steroids be used as slow poisoning as being doubted by the Suspected Death of our Former CM Miss. Jaya Lalita Enquiry Commission by the former C.J.Mr.Arumugasamy.
The Commission has got a medical report that Ms.J.J was allegedly ingested with oral or parenteral steroids for long periods in spite of her diabetic condition. 
But another report from another doctor confused the E.Commission that the steroids were given for her back pain for about 5 days only.
The Commission cannot come to a conclusion because there are confusing statements regarding this and all of them are contradicting each other.
So the inquiry is going on 
The question is can a diabetic patient be treated with steroids for such a long period with or without a doctor's advice. The answer is No
Because there are alternative medicines such as NSAIDs are available to treat back pain or any other inflammatory or rheumatic conditions.
Before starting to blame steroids first we must know about steroids, their chemistry, and their pharmacology.
It is very easy and interesting to understand the bio-data of steroids.
Though there are thousands of compounds in this group with variable chemical and physical characters still there are many similarities among them including their molecular structures.
It is not our purpose to go deeply into the chemistry of steroids but one thing we must know that there are many steroids that are endogenous and are familiar to our human body such as corticosteroids, sex hormones, and cholesterol.
Chemically all of them are interrelated with many similarities including their structural construction with the peculiar arrangement of 17 carbon atoms.
All endogenous steroids are not harmful to otherwise healthy people. But if any of them were ingested into the body from outside then the problem arises as our body does not wish anything from outside. Even an endogenous steroid if ingested into our body it will be treated as a foreign body and will be rapidly metabolized and eliminated.
Cortisol and hydrocortisone are two important corticosteroids, endogenously secreted from adrenal glands in their cortex regions.
Both of them are concerned with the glucose metabolism of our body against insulin hence known as glucocorticoids. They elevate blood sugar powerfully in case of emergency, alertness, and stress by the action of adrenaline. The elevated sugar level is controlled by insulin in stress relief.
A diabetic patient if ingested with such glucocorticoids for a long time will certainly suffer from many complications such as 
1.Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)
2.Immunity Deficiency
3.Fluid Retention
4. Weight Gain as a fluid collection in the body and Hypertension
5.Pneumonia and other infections due to lack of immunity
6.Moon Face
7.Ulcers in the stomach.
There are many comorbidities due to elevated blood pressure and blood sugar level.
There are other steroids such as sex hormones like testosterone in males and estrogens and progestins in females. A few of them to be mentioned briefly. They are testosterone in males, progesterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol in female.
As long as they are endogenous they do not do much harm to our health.
But they are harmful if taken into the body from outside without a reasonable cause and doctor's supervision.
Male sex hormones like testosterone if overdosed can be harmful to our health. Chronic use shall precipitate prostate cancer along with other comorbidities listed above.
Synthetic male hormones like nandrolone as decanoate(Deca-Durabolin),nandrolone phenylpropionate(Durabolin), methyltestosterone(Methyl test),and
methandrostenolone (Dianabol) and many more.
They are available in the market as bodybuilders, weight gainers, and power retainers.
But the black sides of these synthetic steroids if used carelessly and chronically are life-threatening.
Those who are involving sports and games are using any one of the above to gain victory in the sports events shall certainly encounter bad side effects later.
Methyltestosterone which is the oldest and simple synthetic form of testosterone is nothing but testosterone itself with a methyl radical at its 17th position. The drug is the most powerful anabolic steroids among all bodybuilder steroids. But due to its severe side effects of estrogenic conversion by the body the drug is less marketed. These types of steroids are used as slow poisoners in criminology and forensic science.
All steroids except the mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone are elevating blood sugar levels.
Aldosterone on the other hand is concerned with the minerals metabolism like sodium and potassium.
Aldosterone increases blood pressure by increasing blood sodium and water level by stimulating potassium excretion by the kidneys.
If this drug is overused without any care for a long time it will produce electrolyte imbalance, the elevation of sodium(hypernatremia), and a decrease in potassium level(hypokalemia) with the results of many cardiovascular complications.
Slow poisoning to kill a person is socially awkward and needs personal awareness.
It can be performed in any place, house, public places, or even in the hospital.
Sugar patients can safely consume fruits if they select fruits with a low glycemic load that does not matter how much their glycemic index.
Usually, 1 to 10 is the safer glycemic load range
Please check the glycemic load scale in the net
All creatures of God have the right to live.
Their rights should be respected.
Slow poisoning is a foolish way to solve problems.
God is the best and super planner of planners.
He is watching everywhere and everybody else.
If you plane against anyone then you will be trapped one day with the powerful plan of God.

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS

Recently on the news a woman poisoned her children and killed them. She used birth control pills for that purpose. Five pills killed the younger child in one dosage while five more pills needed to kill the elder one. Luckily the husband escaped from the plot.

Birth control pills are generally safe if used correctly and under the doctor's advice.

If misused and overdosed especially to children with underdeveloped sex systems they are harmful and life-threatening.

Estrogens and progesterone overdosed will surely result in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism and hepatic adenoma (Fatty Liver)

Pulmonary embolism is a condition in which there are clots or emboli formed in the pulmonary blood circulation such as pulmonary arterial circulation

These clots may spread from anywhere in the body especially from the legs and carry to the lung system usually from the legs.
Using progesterone overtime or overdose may directly cause blood clots in the pulmonary artery and can cause cardiac arrest.

                       Birth control pills or contraceptive pills are pills that usually contain synthetic forms of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogens are meant for preventing the endogenous secretion of estrogen and thereby stopping ovulation and progesterone is meant for maintaining a condition of pseudopregnancy and thereby stopping ovulation.

There are various types of packages by which the pills are available in the market.

21 pills package

These types of packs contain 21 pills only and women who wish to prevent pregnancy should take the first pill from the first day of the period and continue to take one pill per day up to the last pill at the last 21 st day.

After that there are seven pills free days. The natural period occurs in these days.

But on the 29th day the first day of the next period will start and the next package should be opened without forgetting.

Also 21 days pills are used by some women continuously by taking the pills without seven days gap to skip periods for some month according to their wish due to travels or some festival and celebrity events.

28 pills package

These packages contain 28 pills in which there are 21 active pills that contain hormones and the last seven pills which are placebo pills or pills with no hormones.

These placebo pills usually contain sugar or vitamins, iron, and folic acid.

These pills are useful for some women who may not have strong memory to take the pill exactly in the first period of the next period to keep them pregnancy free if there is a pill-free seven days gap.
Since the placebo pills contain no hormone during when the women start to take placebo pills on the 22 nd day of the periodic cycle the periodic bleeding should start.
If not started better to go for a home pregnancy test or see a doctor.
Sometimes there may be minor spots instead of bleeding due to long time uses of the pills.
This is due to 
1.stopping ovulation
2.Thickening of the cervix
3.Keeping the uterine linings thin and insufficient to shed of cells enough to get bleeding.

Skipping Periods

Skipping periods may vary from harm to benefit depending upon the body's health and the necessity.

You can skip the periods for several months to prevent mood swings, migraines,abdominal cramps, period pain, and tiredness. Also during travels and functions you can skip periods to avoid inconvenience. But consult with your gynecologist before you decide.

Skipping periods for several months have its own demerits as follows:

1. It may affect your overall health

2. It may affect your regular periodical cycle and system

3.Breakthrough bleeding

BENIFITS OF NUTS-1

 PISTACHIOS

Pistachios are a kind of tree nuts that has a lot of health benefits including high protein contents, antioxidants, and fibers. Because of its high protein content it is a good source of protein to vegetarians and vegans.

According to the US Agricultural Department, one ounce of the pistachio nuts contains:-

NUTRIENTS

1.Calories           -159

2.Protein             -5.72 gms

3.Fat                   -12.85 gms

4.Carbohydrates -7.70 gms

5.Fiber                 -3 gms

6.Sugar                -2.72 gms

7.Magnesium      -34 milligrams

8.Potassium         -291 milligrams

9.Phosphorous     -139 milligrams

10.Vitamin b-6    -0.480gms

11.Vitamin-B-1   -0.247mgs

ENERGY

The recommended daily intake of Vit-B-6 is 1.3 mg and an ounce serving of pistachio contains one-seventh of the recommended daily need of Vit-B-6.

Pistachio nuts have very low calories of energy that is 159. When compared with other nuts such as macadamia nuts (204 cal); and pecan nuts (196 cal) pistachio contains very low calories such as 159.

ANTIOXIDANTS

Antioxidants are substances that have benefits of reducing the risk of cancer and other diseases by preventing cell damage.

When compared with other nuts such as cashews and almonds pistachios contains more antioxidants.

Pistachios contain the following antioxidants:-

1.Alpha-tocopherol(Vitamin-E)

2.Phytosterols

3.Xanthophyll carotenoids

Practically a small research involving 28 participants who were given 1 or 2 services of pistachios for one month shows a considerable increase in the antioxidant levels of lutein, zeaxanthin a-carotene, and b-carotene, compared with those who ate none.

EYE HEALTH

Pist contains an abundance of the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin which are beneficial effects towards eye health.

According to the American Optometric Association lutein and zeaxanthin have good preventive effects towards Age-related Macular eye Disease (AMD) and Cataracts.

GUT HEALTH

All nuts including pistachio contain rich fiber contents that help the food moves easily down at the gut and thus it relieves constipation.

Also, pistachio is rich in prebiotics which increases the population of good gut bacteria over bad bacteria

PROTEIN

Pistachio nuts are rich in protein which can contribute to a vegan's daily protein need.

Taking one ounce of pistachio can supply 6 gms of protein per day.

FOR WEIGHT LOSS

Because of the high protein and fiber content followed by a low-calorie value pistachio nuts are a very good diet for those who wish to reduce their body weight.

GOOD FOR HEART HEALTH

Regularly taking pistachios may reduce blood cholesterol levels and high blood pressure. Hence it is very protective and safe to heart patients.

GOOD FOR BLOOD SUGAR BALANCE

Pistachio has a low Glycemic Index value and hence they would not cause a sharp rise in the blood glucose level after someone consuming them.

Fortunately pistachios are low in both Glycemic Index and as well as Glycemic Load.

"The Glycemic Index is the number associated with the carbohydrate content of a particular food item that shows the effect of these carbohydrates on a person's blood glucose levels.
A value of 100 is the standard that is the GI of pure glucose"

"Glycemic Load is a measure more accurate and dependable 
The Glycemic Load (GL) of a food is the number that estimates how much the food will raise a person's blood glucose level after eating it."
Formula:-
(GI/100) multiplied by the (label content of total carbohydrates minus fiber)=Glycemic Load
(e.g)
The GI of a particular food is 22=22/100=0.22
Total carbohydrates in the label=42
Fiber content mentioned in the label =12
Hence  Active carbohydrates   =  42-12 =30

Glycemic Load is                      =0.22 x 30 =6.6

MEDICAL BITS-5

MEDICAL BITS-5

1. AGING CAN BE HALTED BY HYDROGEN SULFIDE:-

New research by scientists from the University of Exeter in the UK discovered an important phenomenon of reversing the aging cells which interestingly involves minute traces of hydrogen sulfide gas 

Usually during aging cells slowly lose their activity and decline to multiply. These inactive cells accumulate and exceed the number of younger active cells as our age ascends. The process is known as senescence and the inactive aged cells are known as senescent cells

2. SKIN CANCER MAY PREDICT FUTURE CANCERS

It has been well understood that common skin cancer like melanoma can predict future cancers which may develop in other parts of the body.

3.DRUGS WHICH CAN ARREST CANCER CELLS MULTIPLY

A group of scientists from Australia now undergo researches on a class of drugs that are arresting the spread of cancer cells by inactivating two proteins such as KAT6A and KAT6B which are the driving forces for the cancer cells to multiply.

4.TYPES OF TUMORS

1.Benign Tumors which are noncancerous, harmless, and will not spread but rarely they may become premalignant and then malignant.

2.Premalignant Tumors which are cancerous but yet to become harmful. They may not spread at this stage.

3.Malignant Tumors which are at full cancerous state harmful and spread easily to other parts

5.DURATION OF SLEEP ON OUR HEALTH

Scientists at Keele University in the UK have studied the effects of sleep duration on our cardiac health.

They found that both reduced and too much sleep can produce harmful effects such as atherosclerosis, plaque formation, and inflammations.

But they wondered about their findings that excess sleep more than 9 hours is more harmful than reduced sleep.

6. HOOKAH SMOKING IS NOT HEALTHY

It was an old idea that traditional smoking like Hookah in which smoke is sucked through water bottles is lesser harmful than cigarette or cigar smoking.

But the idea is nullified by a recent statement by WHO which is supported by the researches from California University Los Angels that fruit and candy mixed tobacco crush which is used in hookah like traditional waterpipe smoking are also as dangerous as cigarette smoking.

7. GOJI BERRIES ARE HEALTHY DIETS

The following are the health benefits of Goji-berries:-

1. They are very beneficiary in reducing the risk of glaucoma

2. They contain a high content of antioxidants such as zeaxanthin which protect our body from UV radiation, oxidative stress, and free radicals.

3. They are rich in vitamins like A and C which improves our body immunity and help to fight cancer

4. They improve skin health as they contain beta carotenoids.

5. Goji berries improve insulin and cholesterol management of our body

6. They improve depression and mental health.

8.LICE BITES

Lice are external parasites lives in various parts of our and accordingly, they can be classified as follows:-

1. Head Lice:- They live in our head and settled at the base of the hair. Mostly they are harmless but can cause itching. They do not cause primary infections. Head lice feed on our blood by sucking. There are chewing lice which live on the skin and chew tiny debris present on the skin 
Lice infestation can be treated shampoo or lotion which contains pyrethrins(e.g: Permethrin), spinosad a natural insecticide present in bacteria, and ivermectin.
There are harmless natural remedies like Tea tree oil which can kill all the lice

9.PHARTOSMIA

Phantosmia is a kind of mental condition in which a patient feels some smell which actually not present. Phantomsmell or Phantosmia is mainly caused by sinusitis, bronchitis, and some problem in the nose or problem in the brain and nervous systems such as migraine,stroke, or schizophrenia.

10.WHAT TO EAT AFTER AN EXERCISE

1.Proteins

2.Carbohydrates

3.Healthy Fats

Heavy exercises such as weight lifting may cause minute tears in muscles which can be replaced by eating proteins such as, Eggs Greek yogurt, ricotta cheese, cottage cheese, and kefir.

Heavy exercises such as running can fastly deplete glycogen stores which can be replaced by eating or drinking carbohydrates such as sweet potatoes, fruits, grains, and cereals which are the preferable source for carbohydrates.
Heavy exercise needs healthy fats to replace consumption.
Fatty fishes such as salmon fish are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids.