THOUGHT DISORDER-OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

MANIA- OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER(OCD)

(Disclaimer: - The information included on this site is for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical treatment.)

Fig-1

Are you the one who comes back ten times and pulls the lock to see if the house is locked properly?

Are you the one who comes back again and again when you leave the house locked and checks to see if the box and bureau inside are locked properly?

Do you wash your hands unnecessarily?

Are you repeating the same phrase unnecessarily during the conversation?

Are you unnecessarily disciplined?

Then you may have this thought disorder called OCD. This mental illness

You too will hate everything and everybody else and you too will feel hated by others. It can take you to the brink of despair and leave you with a sense of failure and a sense of suicide.

Many people with OCD know that their actions are unreasonable, but when they try to ignore the urge to do something, their anxiety increases until they are forced to do so.

That is, manic obsessive-compulsive disorder is a condition in which the problems we face at every stage of life and the experiences they cause us to become a disease that gradually penetrates our thoughts. This is called Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in medical parlance.

This can also be explained as follows. That is, a person may feel the urge to repeat certain thoughts ("obsessions" -obsession) or feel the need to repeat certain procedures ("compulsions" - compulsion). These stubborn thoughts and feelings will cause him great suffering or make him forget the most necessary things he has to do and ignore that process.

For example, he would sometimes miss the train in the process of repeatedly hand-washing and repeatedly checking that the box was locked. Also, he may miss his important daily routines too. Rarely does this condition take him to the peak of despair and even prepare him for suicide.

The disease affects not only adults but also young people and children.

In short, it involves people having repetitive, unwanted thoughts, ideas, or feelings (obsessions) that motivate them to do something over and over again (compulsions).

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, OCD affects 1% of adults in the United States alone. OCD does not discriminate and can affect anyone regardless of race, gender or age. It can have a profound effect on a person's quality of life and can affect their emotional health, education, career, and even their social and personal life, as their passions can lead to many hours of empty rituals.

Types of OCD:-

1.Dirt and washing it

2. Suspicion of accidental harm

3. Proper OCD - Symmetry, arrangement, and counting.

4. Unacceptable forbidden thoughts and mental rituals.

5. Mental pollution.

6. Hoarding

7. Rumors.

8.Invasive thoughts

Symptoms:

 The symptoms of OCD can be classified as follows.

- The inability to control one's behavior or thoughts, even when one realizes that his behavior is irrational.

He spends at least an hour every day in vain for such behaviors and thoughts

-He will perform some rituals to get short-term relief from tension (as opposed to desire and satisfaction)

Motor Tics or sudden repetitive movements (e.g.) Blinking, shoulder rolling, facial movement, shoulder or head shaking, moaning, murmuring.

Symptoms may subside or worsen over time. Some OCD sufferers prefer to stay away from things or situations that trigger their disorders. Others choose drugs, alcohol, or both to keep themselves calm.

Factors: -

1. Children, younger and older generations who are treated cruelly and unjustly.

2. Frequent stressors lead to depression.

3. Twins born in the same image with a genetic disorder.

4. Subject to repetitive fearful situations.

OCD-A PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER-A BRAIN DAMAGE

Fig-2A

Studies of OCD and related disorders suggest that OCD is caused by damage to a specific area of ​​the brain. This area is called the Basal Ganglia (Figure-2A).

The two brain structures that interact with the basal ganglia are the most active in OCD patients. Both of these structures are called the ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX (OFC) and the Anterior Cingulate Gyrus (ACG). (Figure-2B)

Fig-2B

Treatments.-

 Cognitive-behavioral therapy: -

Creating a fearless atmosphere.

Behaving in such a way as to instill loving confidence in the patient.

Thereby dispelling the impulsive and frightening thoughts that arise in his mind, and finally changing the stubborn repetitive thoughts. This treatment cannot be done overnight. It may take many days, many months, and even many years. But this is a much better treatment than prescription pills. No after-effects. Do not need the help of a doctor.

Dangerous drug pill treatments.

In allopathy, what they say about this condition, is this is caused by a deficiency of the hormone serotonin in the central nervous system. 

Hence if we go to a psychiatrist for treatment of this disease, they mostly prescribe SSRI (SEROTONIN SPECIFIC REUPTAKE INHIBITORS) type antidepressants that turn us into permanent drug-addicted patients.

SSRIs and their side effects: -

All of these SSRI medicines damage the central nervous system and brain when eaten continuously. In addition, the autonomic nervous system is severely affected as follows.

1 Anticholinergic effect

2 Alpha-Adrenergic pressure elevation (caution for those with the prostate problem)

3.Increasing heart rate

4.Irregular heartbeat.

Details about SSRI can be found in the next post.

 Click here to continue watching the next post. Next post SSRI - to be continued .....

DRUGS AND THEIR SIDE-EFFECTS

Medications and side effects 

((Disclaimer: - The information included on this site is for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical treatment.)

Fig-1

All medications can cause unwanted side effects. Medications include prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, and complementary medications (herbal products and vitamins).

The formula ingredients on the drug label may ‘collide’ with each other. Therefore, taking more than one medication at a time may increase the risk of side effects.

About 230,000 Australians are hospitalized each year due to drug problems, including side effects. Most side effects are manageable, some are very serious and can even cause death.

Managing your medications wisely is in your best interests.

Doctor prescription drugs:-

Generally, any medicine should be bought on the recommendation of a doctor. Self-medication is very dangerous. Even so, alcohol users should not take any medication on their own. This is because some antibiotics can cause unwanted side effects with alcohol

Vitamins if not through food, are all toxic when they are available as store-bought medicines,  including herbal medicines. 

Remember,  medications including vitamins available as store-bought drugs are all poisons.

 They are chemicals.

The following medications should not be taken without a doctor's prescription.

1.Antibiotics 

2. Anxiolytics

3. Antidepressants

4. Antipsychotics

For example, some antibiotics cause allergic reactions in up to five percent of the population. Psoriasis is a common reaction. But it is not always easy to tell if it is caused by a reaction, medication, or disease.

In addition, some antibiotics can cause drug-drug interactions between them and other drugs.

For example, 

It is now common to take the antibiotic azithromycin for soar-throat and cough without a doctor's prescription. This azithromycin can cause unwanted side effects with digoxin used for heart disease. Azithromycin itself can rarely cause severe cardiac arrhythmias.

People with potassium and magnesium deficiency and severe diarrhea caused by C.difficile infection should not be given azithromycin without a doctor's prescription.

People taking antibiotics, especially erythromycin or clarithromycin, are generally advised to avoid the following allergy medications.

1. Terfenadine

2.Astemizole

3.Ketazole-an anti-fungal

The reason is that these compositions can cause damages to the heart.

Generally, do not take all fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin, without a doctor's prescription. They can affect your kidneys. can cause crystalluria. Do not take the following medications with them.

1. Theophylline, an asthma drug

2. Probenecid a drug for hyperuricemia and gout.

3. Glibenclamide, a diabetic drug

4. NSAID painkillers such as Aspirin, Diclofenac  Aceclofenac, Brufen, and Naproxen.

Sleeping Pills - Drug Interactions with Sleeping Aids:-

Sleeping pills are available without any control as like ubiquitous vitamin pills, and people now buy and eat. It doesn't matter how old the doctor's prescription is. It is freely available at the pharmacy counters without any restrictions.

Attention Alprazolam Sleeping Pill Eaters. These drugs can cause drug interactions if they are taken with the following drugs.

1. Carbamazepine used for epilepsy

2. Cimetidine used for ulcers

3. Clarithromycin

4.Erythromycin

5.Grapefruit and its juice.

6.Alcohol and heroin

7.All psychiatric medications

Generally, caution should be exercised when taking any benzodiazepine drugs such as Alprazolam, Clonazepam, and Diazepam.

Because of these

1. Closed-Angle Glaucoma may occur

2. Shortness of breath may occur.

3. Epilepsy may occur

4. Liver/kidney may be damage

5. Depression and suicidal thoughts may be produced.

6. Diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine Codeine Phosphate Cough tonics should not be taken with sleeping pills. These compositions can lead to respiratory depression, hypoxia, and eventually death.

Grapefruit: -

Fig-2

This fruit is a very healthy nutritious fruit. It has a lot of vitamin C and is a boon for diabetics. It is very low in sugar. Stimulating tissue use of insulin. Very low in calories.

However, this fruit can cause reactions when taken with most medicines.

Drugs that cause reactions while eating this fruit: -

1. Cholesterol drugs Simvastatin and Atorvastatin.

2. Nifidipin, a heart disease drug

3. Cyclosporin, which is given to prevent the body from rejecting organs when they are transplanted.

4. Sleeping pills especially Buspirone

5. Budanoside, a corticosteroid used by some patients with peptic ulcers, and asthma.

6. Amiodarone, a drug that can be given for heart disease (irregular heartbeat). 

Grapefruit can prevent the above drugs from being properly metabolized. So those drugs can accumulate in large quantities in the body and cause great harm.

7. Fexofenadine is an allergy drug. Even if you take the right amount of this medicine, the grapefruit will prevent it from being absorbed properly by the intestines. This because grapefruit blocks the absorption of the fexofenadine carrier protein by the small intestine (See Fig-2 above)

Finally, your health is in your hands. It can only be partially attributed to doctors and pharmacists. If not, you may fall into the deep hole (see Figure-1)

ANTI-DEPRESSANTS- SEROTONIN SPECIFIC RECEPTOR INHIBITORS- S.S.R.Is

 WHAT ARE SSRIs?

Fig-1
SSR-Serotonin Specific Reuptakereceptor
DSR-Dopamine Specific Reuptakereceptors
NSR-Noradrenaline Specific Reuptakereceptor
SSRIs specifically block the reuptake of serotonin only and make it available in the synapse while other hormones are reuptake by their receptors and disappear from the synapse as shown in the Fig-1 (3)

Serotonin is the key hormone of the central nervous system that stabilizes our mood, feeling of peace, and pleasure. In a single term, it is the 'Hormone of Peace and Pleasure'

Medical science has categorised this hormone as a CNS inhibitory hormone but this hormone bears stimulant effects also to some extend such as regulating communications between the brain cells and other nervous system cells. This hormone helps the body with sleeping, eating and digestion. 

Serotonin helps the body with sleeping is by its CNS inhibitory effects. Serotonin when compared with GABA helps the body to sleep normally with healthy and natural sleep while GABA and GABAergic drugs produce unhealthy and addictive sleep. Most of the sleeping pills belong to the GABAergic category.

Similarly, serotonin helps the mind to relieve depression is by its CNS stimulatory effects. Serotonin when compared with other CNS stimulants like noradrenaline, and dopamine helps the mind to get out of the blues with minimal side effects.

That is why S.S.R.Is are considered to be safer than other tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline, nortriptyline and protriptyline.

S.S.R.Is are the most preferred medicines to alleviate Obsessive and Compulsive Disorder (O.C.D).

There are many S.S.R.Is are available and dispensed at the pharmacy on Doctor's Prescription only. They are,

1.Fluoxetine (Prozac); 

2.Sertraline (Zoloft);

3.Paroxetine(Paxil);

4.Fluvoxamine(Luvox)

The following two drugs are newer members included in this group.

1.Citalopram (Feliz)

2.Escitalopram (Nexito)

Many more new chemicals are coming up with attractive names in this category.

It is not the purpose of this article to describe them all in detail.

One thing is very important to note that in English Medical System (Allopathy) 'minimum side effects of drugs are not yet well defined'

These drugs can be mentioned as one of the many examples of this.

Take a look at a miracle that the same Allopathy Medical Science lists below as to what effects these drugs, which are advertised as having minimal side effects, can cause when used incorrectly and over a long period of time.

The followings are the 'minimal side effects when compared ' with other antidepressants:-

1.Anticholinergic effects-blurred vision, constipation, dry mouth, urinary retention.

2.Antihistaminic effects- low B.P, elevated heartbeats, mucus thickening and airway block, difficulty urinating and constipation.

3.α-adrenergic blockade-palpitations, tremor, anxiety and hypertension.

The followings are the actual side effects of SSRIs:-

1.Nausea, diarrhoea

2.Nervousness

3.Difficult to sleep or sleeplessness

4.Dizziness

5.Impotence and decreased desire for sex

PRECAUTION:-More dangerous than all this is 'serotonin syndrome '. Very dangerous. That taking these SSRIs inadvertently with any MAOI antidepressants such as selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelepar), isocarboxazid (Marplan), Phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate).

The characters of serotonin syndrome are,

1.Hyperthermia-Elevated body temperature

2.Muscle rigidity-Paralysis

3.Myoclonic seizures

4.Disturbances of mental status.

Natural Healthyway to improve serotonin

Tryptophan is one of the nine essential amino acids

needed by the body through foods. 

Serotonin is nothing but 5-hydroxytryptophan.

Any food that is rich in tryptophan can improve the availability of sufficient serotonin at the CNS nerve synapses.

Foods that are rich in tryptophan are,

1.Chocolates

2.Oats

3.Dried dates

4.Milk and dairy products

5.Mutton, beef and eggs

6.Fish

to see further click here

But if you desire to take foods that are high in tryptophan then you should first stop taking the SSRIs, MAOIs and Tricyclic antidepressant drugs completely with your doctor's guidance

Conclusively do not go to psychiatric medication to get out of your mental blues instead go to s clinical psychologist and get good counselling from him.

DO SLEEPING PILLS DAMAGE KIDNEYS?

 RHABDOMYOLYSIS AND KIDNEY DAMAGE

Fig-1
To have a clear look please click on the figure

Rhabdomyolysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening disease resulting from the disintegration of skeletal muscle cells (myocytes) with the leakage of toxic muscle cell contents into the extracellular space and blood circulation.

The major causes for this condition are direct muscle injuries by accidents, chronic myalgia, myopathies and indirect muscle injuries by immobilization in a place for a long time during a flight journey, or in a car, overexertion, heavy exercises, and drug abuse like HMG Co-A Reductase Inhibitors (...statins), narcotics, sleeping medicines, antihistamines, anticholinergics, amphetamine, alcohol and cocaine.

Narcotics and sedatives like sleeping pills cause indirect heavy pressure into the striated muscles to cause muscle damages.

Common OTC antihistamines such as doxylamine and diphenhydramine are available freely at the pharmacy counters. Prolonged use can cause myopathies.

Diet supplements or weight loss supplements that contain creatine and ephedra a plant that contains non-selective adrenergic agonist ephedrine (Anticholinergic) can cause this deadly disease.

Anticholinergics, antihistamines anxiolytics and sedatives cause heavy pressure on the striated skeletal muscles in the body in some parts or as a whole that may lead to muscle fibre damages.

Prolonged use of statins like simvastatin and rosuvastatin can cause rhabdomyolysis, especially with low serum vitamin D (<10ng/ml). Anybody take statin medicines for a long time must include vitamin -D in their prescription.

Heatstroke and overexertion cause muscular cell damages that lead to rhabdo.

Hypothermia in which the body temperature drop can produce many complications such as cardiovascular and neuronal defects that may exert heavy injury in the skeletal muscles. Avoid prolonged exposure of your body in extremely cold weather, and do not immerse your body in ice-cold water for a long time.

Viral and bacterial blood infections that are injurious to your muscle fibres.

Electrolytes such as potassium and calcium irregularities.

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

Kidney disorders elevate myoglobin in the blood.

Surgery that causes prolonged bed rest and immobilization that causes skeletal muscle disintegration.

Sickle cell anaemia

prolonged muscle inflammations.

Among all the above-mentioned causes for rhabdomyolysis, some are non-traumatic drug-induced indirect skeletal muscle injuries.

In rhabdomyolysis, there are elevations of serum myoglobin and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the blood followed by myoglobinuria in the urine.

Elevated CK cause hypotension and low blood supply to various organs like the kidney and the liver that leads to multiple organ failure.

Elevated CK also causes Compartment Syndrome.

SUMMARY OF CAUSES IN BRIEF

1.Muscle injury by accidents

2.Pressure on the muscles due to long time immobilization such as prolonged bed rest, long journey, coma.

3.Abusive drugs, such as narcotics, sedatives, antipsychotics, and antidepressants.

4.Prolonged and untreated burn injures.

5.Vitamin -D deficiency

6.Prolonged untreated microbial infections, skin cancers, psoriasis which damage skeletal muscles can precipitate rhabdomyolysis.

7.Prolonged body exposure to ultraviolet rays, harmful chemicals can cause rhabdomyolysis.

8.Overdosage and prolonged use of ...statin drugs like simvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin.

If you have acute or chronic pain in your lower back or neck and you are using narcotics, sedatives such as sleeping pills or any other psycho drugs and passing urine by dark red or brown colour, that confirms rhabdomyolysis. (See Fig.2)

Fig-2

Blood Profile in Rhabdo

1.Elevated muscle enzymes such as creatine phosphokinase (CPK), SGOT, SGPT, and LDH.

CPK level rise in the blood above 1000 U/L. That is 5 times the upper limit normally indicate rhabdomyolysis.

Myoglobin level exceeds 1.5mg/dl  

Too much intake of protein with heavy exercise may elevate CPK level in the blood.

Urine Profile in Rhabdo

Colour =  Dark Pinkish Red or Dark Brown

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) = Above 1000U/L

Myoglobin = even traces in the urine can indicate the presence of rhabdo but the colour of the urine changes to dark red or brown when myoglobin exceeds above 100gm/dl.

Fig-3

Any kind of muscular abuse can result in myalgia, myositis and rhabdomyolysis. These abuses are traumatic, or by drug overuses or by infections.

All antipsychotics including sleeping medicines, anticholinergics, antihistamines, are prone to abuse your muscles.

Symptoms of Rhabdo:

1.Muscle pain in the shoulders, thighs, or lower back.

2.Muscle weakness

3.Trouble moving arms and legs

4.Dark brown or red urine.

5.Decreased urination.

6.Abdominal pain

7.Nausea, vomiting

8.Fever, hyperthermia

9.Tachyarrhythmia

10.Confusion, and dehydration.

Sleeping Medicines That Causes Indirect Non-Traumatic Skeletal Muscle Injuries:

1.Alprazolam

2.Diazepam

3.Clonazepam

4.Lorazepam

and many other benzodiazepines.

5.Barbiturates

6.Opioids like heroin, morphine, codeine.

7.Abusive narcotics like cocaine, heroin, LSD, ketamine

8.Alcohol

Diagnosis:-

The most reliable diagnostic test for rhabdomyolysis is the elevated level of creatine phosphokinase(CPK) in the blood that is above 1000mg/dl.

This followed by a myoglobin test in the urine (dark pink coloured) test that confirms rhabdo.

Rhabdo-Treatments at Home:

The following home remedies can be beneficial when the disease is at the beginning stage.

1.Rest and relax conveniently so that muscle can recover from the damage.

2.Take plenty of water, light broth and sports drink to rehydrate your body and to prevent further kidney damages.

3.Withdraw abusive drugs such as sleeping pills step by step under the doctor's supervision.

4.Completely stop taking...statin like cholesterol-lowering drugs. 

5.Stop performing hard and heavy exercises.

6. If you feel tired recline in comfort and relax.

Compartment Syndrome

Fig-4
Lower Extremity Compartment Syndrome

Severe rhabdomyolysis at the extreme stage that may develop after fluid resuscitation produces potential complication like Compartment Syndrome.

Our body skeleton and skeletal muscles are divided into many compartments which are covered and separated by a special thick membrane known as Fascia.

Every compartment is supplied with muscle fibre cells, extra and intracellular fluids and components, neuronal and supplies. Any injuries to the myocytes, directly and indirectly, will disturb this system in a compartment, causes fluid collection inflammation and oedema in that compartment will lead to rhabdomyolysis.

Complications of Rhabdomyolysis:

1.Increased blood clotting

2.Low Pressure

3.Shock

4.Kidney and liver failure due to necrosis and insufficient blood supply.

5.Electrolytic imbalance.

6.Hypoalbuminemia (Blood albumin depletion)

7.Hyperuricemia (Increased uric acid level in the blood)

8.Compartment Syndrome

9.Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. (DIC)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. (DIC)

DIC is a condition affecting the blood's ability to coagulate to stop bleeding.

In DIC abnormal thick clots form inside blood vessels that consume all clotting factors of the blood. The depletion of the clotting factors causes heavy bleeding in all sites of the body.

The major causes of DIC are inflammations, infections, cancers and rhabdomyolysis.

Medical Counselling To Prevent Rhabdo

1. Avoid continuous use of statins and use them at one or two months interval.

2.Systematically withdraw the use of benzodiazepines, barbiturates and any other anxiolytics and sleeping pills.

3.Withdraw step by step the use of any psych medicines like antipsychotics, antidepressants and narcotics like opioids, cocaine, and LSD and completely stop them.

4.Carefully handle antihistamines, anticholinergics,  adrenergic agonists and any other ANS agonists or antagonists under the doctor's advice.

5.Avoid self medications.

6.Do not take anabolic steroid or any other steroid without a doctor's supervisions.

7.Avoid diet control supplements that contain harmful drugs like ephedrine.

8.Be alert when you are taking any hormone drug especially thyroid hormone, androgenic or contraceptive pill.

Non-Medical Counselling

1.Do not perform heavy exercises

2.Do not subject your body to exertion. Be care the job and recreational games that involves exertion, and heat exposure.

3.Drink more water to avoid dehydration before and after strenuous exercises so that your kidneys can eliminate any toxic myoglobin released by your muscle easily.

4.Avoid taking too many proteins and bodybuilders before and after heavy exercises as it may cause elevation of creatine kinase in the blood.

5.Do not sit or stand in one place for a long time.

Conclusively Rhabdo is a rare condition but life-threatening and can occur to anybody at any time without age difference in case if you abuse your body by any means.

SLEEPING PILLS -FEMALE INFERTILITY

 FEMALE INFERTILITY & ABORTION BY REGULAR USE OF SLEEPING PILLS

FIG-1-THE OVARIAN SYSTEM
TO SEE CLEARLY CLICK ON THE FIGURE

Sleeping pills especially benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, diazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam, temazepam, flurazepam, chlordiazepoxide, midazolam, and triazolam cause serious undesirable effects in a female reproductive system such as ectopic pregnancy and abortion.

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

A team medical study has revealed that regular or chronic uses of benzodiazepines during the period of pregnancy can cause life-threatening conditions such as ectopic pregnancy or abortion.

FIG-2-ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

The benzodiazepines desensitize the movements inside the fallopian tubes thereby block the movements of the fertilized egg and thus prevent it to be implanted inside the uterus. Thus the egg starts the embryonic developments within the fallopian tube to cause ectopic pregnancy. (See fig-2) 

Ectopic Pregnancy(E.P.) is a serious condition in which the fertilized egg is struck within the fallopian tube and begins to develop there. (See Fig-2-above) 

ABORTION, INFERTILITY AND DEFECTIVE BABY FORMATIONS:-

Another study report has revealed that continuous use of benzodiazepines can cause abortion, defective baby development and causes the baby to have a short term addiction to benzodiazepines.

Neuronal hyperpolarization desensitization of the ciliary body blocks the sperm movements into the fallopian tube to reach out the ovum and causes infertility.

Due to the anticholinergic effects of the benzodiazepines the uterine contraction failure leads to cesarian delivery.

Using benzodiazepines in the first trimester may cause cleft lip and palate in the mother and baby. But these risks are small in later stage exposure to alprazolam.

The doctors say diazepam is a safer medication to take during pregnancy but unsafe during lactation. The report continues that chlordiazepoxide is safe during both pregnancy and lactation.

Medical reports suggest that try the antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl) during pregnancy as a safe sleeping aid. But yet all of them are anticholinergics and should be used under the supervision of a licenced medical practitioner.

There are some technical terms in allopathic medication which in practice may not be used to actually what it should be meant for. 

For example, the terms SAFE and SAFER do not mean that the medicine is completely safe or safer but it is with minimal side effects and the minimum in their imaginary scale is a trade secret of the corporate business.

There are many suggestions to use antidepressants such as SSRIs like citalopram, escitalopram or sertraline safely during pregnancy as sleeping aids instead of using traditional sleeping aids. But they have side effects and should be used under expert supervision.

SLEEPING MEDICINE POISONING-SLEEPING PILLS AND MALE INFERTILITY-

 DECREASED LIBIDO BY CONSUMING SLEEPING PILLS

Epididymis 

To view the figure clearly click on the figure

Many studies state that chronic use of sleeping pills like alprazolam, diazepam, and lorazepam can cause hormonal disturbances that lead to male infertility and decreased libido. 

Another study states that chronic use of alprazolam produces pronounced male reproductive defects, especially in testes, epididymis and spermatozoa formation. There are miscarriages and delivery mortalities due to chronic use of benzodiazepine sleeping aids like alprazolam, and diazepam.

Epididymis a coiled tubular structure in which sperm gets matured is severely affected by benzodiazepines said to a study report

Hyperprolactinemia:-

This is one of the major toxicity produced by chronic use of benzodiazepines both in male and female. Benzodiazepines like alprazolam overstimulate the pituitary gland to secrete prolactin which suppresses the normal secretion of Gonadotropic Hormone (GTH or GSH) leads to many sexual dysfunctions both in male and female.

In the male, the following dysfunctions can be observed

1.Decreased testosterone production by the testes

2.Decreased sex drive or libido

3.Male infertility

4.Low sperm count.

5.Epididymis damage

6.Fibrotic and damaged seminiferous tubules, and Leydig cells of the testicles.

Conclusively if you are a young man planning for marriage or a newly married man planning to have a baby please avoid using sleeping pills for a long time.

MEDICAL ERRORS-ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS

 ANTIPSYCHOTICS OR NEUROLEPTICS

Dopamine Flow in the Brain

Medical errors are substantially increasing in society.

The Erratic Effects of Psychiatric Drugs:-

1.Sleeping Pills (Anxiolytics & Sedatives)↛ Insomnia, parasomnia, somnambulant, anxiety and sedation.

2.Antipsychotics        ↛ Depression, sedation, 

3.Antidepressants       ↛  Excitation, Agitation,&                                                                   Psychosis    All the above can precipitate anticholinergic and extrapyramidal side effect including Parkinson Disease (P.D), Alzheimer's Disease (A.D), panic and sleep disorders etc. etc. 

To have a clear look please click on the figure

Most of them are due to the unawareness of the patients and the non-descriptive drug information by the prescriber and the pharmacist. Antipsychotic drugs are nowadays very commonly taken by the public for years and years. They carry very old prescription to go to the pharmacy and buy the medicines directly from the counter without any restriction and care. They are not aware of the time limit set by their doctor to take the drug. They become an addict to that. They do not revisit the doctor for further opinion on whether to continue the medication or not. This is due to the addiction developed into them. The addictive mind masks the person from taking care of his own health.

All the psychiatric treatments are unrealistic and they do not bring the cure or solution to the problem rather they push the problem further into a deep crisis. (See Fig above).

For example, long use of sleeping medicines to treat insomnia leads to tolerance to produce again insomnia, agitation, and depression. 

Then a long time use of antidepressants leads to agitation and psychoses. 

Then to treat psychosis the patient is asked to take antipsychotics. Prolonged use of antipsychotics leads to again depression. 

The cycle is going without any end and then where is the real cure.

What is Psychosis:-

The Brain 
To see clear please click on the figure

In our Brain System, there are some hormones which are known as brain or central stimulating hormones. They are as follows:-

1.Norepinephrine or Noradrenaline

2.Dopamine

3.Acetylcholine

4.Aspartic acid

5.Glutamic Acid

Out of all the above five, dopamine takes the centre as it is concerned with our mental power of physical movements, memory, motivations and emotional response, reward-motivated behaviour and desire, addiction, hormonal regulations, maternal behaviour (nurturing), pregnancy and sensations.

The 4 Dopamine Pathways
To see still clear please click on the figure

Dopamine takes the central place of controlling motor functions, motivation, arousal, reinforcements, executive functions and rewards at a higher level. Also, it controls functions including breastfeeding, sexual gratification and nausea at a lower level. Due to some pathological condition if dopamine is overactive and all of its above functions exceed beyond the limit it leads to a mental overactivity known as psychosis. To read further 1.click (2.here).

The above picture shows the normal pathways of dopamine in our brain. But if when a person repeatedly subjected to continuous and severe pressing situations and trauma then that person become psychotic due to the exacerbated dopamine travel.

The person goes to a psychiatrist to solve this problem. The doctor prescribes antipsychotic drugs. It is totally absurd to take drugs to solve mental problems. Because all psych drugs are neurotoxic and produce serious side effects in later periods.

All antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol, fluphenazine, chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, perphenazine, and thiothixene are blocking dopamine to reach its receptors and reduce its activities in the brain. Chronic use of these drugs produces serious side effects including Parkinson Disease (P.D), extrapyramidal effects like tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, bradykinesia and many other complications including anticholinergic and endocrine side effects.

Antipsychotics may not produce the required effects immediately but sedation and other side effects can occur rapidly.

Dopamine Blockade
To see clearly click on the figure

Parkinson Disease (P.D.):-

Parkinson's Disease

Continuos use of antipsychotics can cause a slow progression of P.D. due to the total loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantial nigra of the basal ganglia in the midbrain.

What are extrapyramidal side effects?

Akathesia-Motor restlessness

                                  Akathesia

Acute Dystonia-Slow and prolonged muscle spasm of tongue, neck and face.

Dystonia

Neuroleptic malignancy-Rigidity, altered mental status, cardiac arrhythmias, elevated B.P., and fatal hyperpyrexia.

                     Antidopamine Malignancy

Tardive dyskinesia-Rhythmical involuntary movements of tongue, lips or jaw. Chewing and puckering of the mouth.

                          Tardive Dyskinesia

All the above are a few of their side effects.

A recent study stated that prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs can precipitate metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders.

Morally psychosis does not need bodily medication but needs mental counselling by a psychologist at its very beginning. 

But once you start medication according to a psychiatrist, then you will become a drug addict that will result in many bodily complications.

Beware of psychiatry.